Eco-Friendly Pavements Manufactured with Glass Waste: Physical and Mechanical Characterization and Its Applicability in Soil Stabilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- (2)
- Improved durability based on its resistance to abrasion and acid attack [19].
- (3)
- Increased resistance to compression and elastic modulus after their exposure to high temperatures due to the fusion of the glass and filling of the cracks and pores [20].
- (4)
- Reinforcement of photocatalytic activity due to its light transmitting properties [12].
- (5)
- The leachates emitted when this type of cement material is used in the stabilization of soils are perfectly compatible with the environment [21].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characterization of Materials
2.1.1. Aggregate
2.1.2. Cement
2.1.3. Glass Powder
Preliminary Sampling
Composition
Grinding
Granulometric Characterization of Glass Powder
X-ray Diffraction
Characterization in the Scanning Electron Microscope
Volumetric Mass of Glass Powders
2.2. Tests and Working Plan
- (1)
- Granulometry of the aggregate used according to UNE-EN-933-1: 2012 Second bullet [33].
- (2)
- (3)
- Compactability through the modified Proctor compaction test, according to UNE103501 standard [37].
- (4)
- The support capacity, through the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) following UNE 103502 [38].
- (5)
- (6)
- The resistance to the action of water, through the resistance test by immersion in water (immersion–compression), according to NLT-162 [41].
- (7)
- The stiffness test by testing Dynamic Modules (at different ages of the specimens), according to the NLT-349 standard [42].
- (8)
- (9)
- The durability of the pavement laid with the treated material, regarding resistance to traffic loads, was estimated by means of an analytical calculation made from the mechanical properties measured in the tests mentioned above.
3. Results
3.1. Limits of Atterberg
3.2. CBR Test
3.3. Modified Proctor
3.4. Compression Resistance
3.5. Immersion–Compression Resistance Test
3.6. Stiffness Test
3.7. Durability Test—Action of the Weather
3.8. Durability Test—Resistance to Traffic Loads
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aperture | Retained among Tamices | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
UNE (mm) | Weight (g) | % Partial | % Accumulated | %Pass into Total Sample |
100 | - | - | - | - |
80 | - | - | - | - |
63 | - | - | - | - |
50 | - | - | - | - |
40 | - | - | - | - |
31.5 | - | - | - | - |
25 | - | - | - | - |
20 | - | - | - | - |
16 | - | - | - | - |
8 | - | - | - | 100.0 |
4.0 | 282.0 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 90.1 |
2.0 | 789.0 | 27.8 | 37.8 | 62.2 |
1.0 | 503.0 | 17.7 | 55.5 | 44.5 |
0.500 | 406.0 | 14.3 | 69.8 | 30.2 |
0.250 | 261.0 | 9.2 | 79.0 | 21.0 |
0.125 | 148.0 | 5.2 | 84.2 | 15.8 |
0.063 | 62.0 | 2.2 | 86.4 | 13.6 |
Glass Powder Used | Grinding Duration | d10 | d50 | d90 |
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 2 h 30 min | 2.92 ± 0.01 µm | 33 ± 1 µm | 110 ± 3 µm |
T2 | 4 h 15 min | 1.96 ± 0.01 µm | 16 ± 1 µm | 59 ± 2 µm |
T3 | 5 h | 1.65 ± 0.01 µm | 11 ± 1 µm | 43 ± 2 µm |
Liquid Limit | Plastic Limit | Plasticity Index |
---|---|---|
34.5 | 19.4 | 15.1 |
Specimen | CBR Index | Swelling (%) | Density (g/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 163 | 0.09 | 1.975 |
2 | 284 | 0.09 | 2.101 |
3 | 350 | 0.09 | 2.163 |
Characteristics | |
---|---|
Mold volume (cm3) | 2320 |
Compaction hammer (kg) | 4.535 |
Fall height (cm) | 45.7 |
Weight of material used (kg) | 24 |
Number of layers | 5 |
Number of hits per layer | 60 |
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Más-López, M.I.; García del Toro, E.M.; Luizaga Patiño, A.; García, L.J.M. Eco-Friendly Pavements Manufactured with Glass Waste: Physical and Mechanical Characterization and Its Applicability in Soil Stabilization. Materials 2020, 13, 3727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173727
Más-López MI, García del Toro EM, Luizaga Patiño A, García LJM. Eco-Friendly Pavements Manufactured with Glass Waste: Physical and Mechanical Characterization and Its Applicability in Soil Stabilization. Materials. 2020; 13(17):3727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173727
Chicago/Turabian StyleMás-López, M. Isabel, Eva M. García del Toro, Alfredo Luizaga Patiño, and L. Jaime Marco García. 2020. "Eco-Friendly Pavements Manufactured with Glass Waste: Physical and Mechanical Characterization and Its Applicability in Soil Stabilization" Materials 13, no. 17: 3727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173727