Effects of Steel-Slag Components on Interfacial-Reaction Characteristics of Permeable Steel-Slag–Bitumen Mixture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Sample Preparation and Test Methods
2.3. Performance Test and Characterization
3. Test Results and Discussion
3.1. PSSBM Performance Analysis
3.2. Chemical-Reaction Characteristics of Steel-Slag Oxides and Modified Bitumen
3.2.1. Oxide Phase Angle—Modified Bitumen Mixtures
3.2.2. Complex Shear Modulus of Oxide-Modified Bitumen Mixtures
3.2.3. Rheological Properties of Oxide-Modified Bitumen Mixtures at High Temperatures
3.2.4. Fourier-Transform Infrared-Spectrum Analysis
3.3. Chemical-Reaction Characteristics between Mineral Components of Steel Slag and Modified Bitumen
3.3.1. Phase Angles of Mixtures of Modified Bitumen–Mineral Components of Steel Slag
3.3.2. Complex Shear Modulus of Mixtures of Bitumen–Mineral Components of Steel Slag
3.3.3. Rheological Properties of Mineral Phase–Bitumen Mixture at High Temperatures
3.3.4. Fourier-Transform Infrared-Spectrum Analysis
3.4. Morphological Characteristics of Steel-Slag–Modified Bitumen Interface
4. Conclusions
- Under a large bitumen–aggregate ratio, permeable bitumen mixtures could be prepared with steel slag as the aggregate, and the prepared permeable mixture had good permeability, good water, Marshall, and high-temperature stability, and low volume-expansion rate. Bitumen has a good encapsulation effect on steel slag, which could effectively prevent the leaching of heavy-metal ions.
- Among the four mixtures of bitumen and chemical components, the CaO–bitumen mixture showed the most significant phase-angle change at 45 and 55 °C, the largest complex shear modulus, and the highest rutting factor, thus significantly improving the bonding and high-temperature performance of the interface. A new absorption peak at 3645 cm–1 in the infrared spectrum of CaO–bitumen mixture was ascribed to SiO–H stretching vibration from organic silicon compound.
- Between the three mixtures of bitumen and mineral components, the C3S–bitumen mixture showed the most significant phase-angle change at 45 and 55 °C, the largest complex shear modulus, and the highest rutting factor, thus significantly improving the bonding and high-temperature performance of the interface.
- Pits, grooves, and other textural structures on the surface of steel-slag particles provided a skeleton-like function for the bitumen–steel-slag aggregate interface and improved the adhesion strength of the bitumen–steel-slag aggregate interface.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CaO | Fe2O3 | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | MnO | P2O5 | TiO2 | SO3 | Na2O | K2O | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
44.83 | 21.65 | 14.38 | 5.48 | 3.42 | 1.94 | 0.83 | 0.57 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 6.58 |
Test Item | Steel Slag | Request | Normative Test References |
---|---|---|---|
Incorruptibility (%) | 2.60 | ≤8.00 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Saturated surface-dry density (g/cm3) | 3.39 | ≥2.60 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Los Angeles wear loss (%) | 12.20 | ≤28.00 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Crushing value (%) | 11.50 | ≤26.00 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Polished stone value (%) | 56.70 | ≥38.00 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Water absorption (by mass %) | 1.83 | ≤2.00 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Test Item | Measured Value | Request | Normative Test References |
---|---|---|---|
Penetration (25 °C,100 g, 5 s; 0.1 mm) | 50.2 | ≥40 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Ductility (5 cm/min, 5 °C; cm) | 42 | ≥30 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Softening point | 85 | ≥80 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Flash point (Cleveland open cup (COC); °C) | 275 | ≥260 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Dynamic viscosity 60 °C (Pa·s) | 32,000 | ≥20,000 | CJJ/T 190–2012 |
Test Item | Measured Value | Specified Value | Reference Standard |
---|---|---|---|
Coefficient of permeability (mL/s) | 55.56 | ≥53.33 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Void ratio (%) | 19.64 | 18~25 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Connected voidage (%) | 16.64 | ≥14 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Marshall stability (KN) | 9.41 | ≥5 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Residual Marshall stability (%) | 91.18 | >70 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Flow value (mm) | 2.56 | 2~4 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Drainage test loss (%) | 0.1 | <0.3 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Cantabro test loss (%) | 10.8 | <15 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Dynamic stability (60 °C, 1 h, times/mm) | 6486 | ≥3500 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Intensity ratio of frozen and melted (%) | 90 | ≥85 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Volume expansion rate (%) | 0.45 | ≤2.0 | CJJ/T 190-2012 |
Metal Leaching Concentration (mg/L) | Cu | V | Zn | As | Mn | Cr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slag | 0.0513 | 0.125 | 1.08 | 2.526 | 4.651 | - |
PSSBM | 0.0076 | - | 0.012 | 0.046 | 0.088 | - |
Surface-water standard | ≤0.01 | - | ≤0.05 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.1 | ≤0.01 |
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Liu, W.; Li, H.; Zhu, H.; Xu, P. Effects of Steel-Slag Components on Interfacial-Reaction Characteristics of Permeable Steel-Slag–Bitumen Mixture. Materials 2020, 13, 3885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173885
Liu W, Li H, Zhu H, Xu P. Effects of Steel-Slag Components on Interfacial-Reaction Characteristics of Permeable Steel-Slag–Bitumen Mixture. Materials. 2020; 13(17):3885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173885
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Wenhuan, Hui Li, Huimei Zhu, and Pinjing Xu. 2020. "Effects of Steel-Slag Components on Interfacial-Reaction Characteristics of Permeable Steel-Slag–Bitumen Mixture" Materials 13, no. 17: 3885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173885