Evaluation of the Mechanical, Physical, and Anti-Fungal Properties of Flax Laboratory Papersheets with the Nanoparticles Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation of Nanocomposites
2.3. Morphological Analysis of the Prepared Nanocomposites
2.4. Flax Material and the Soda–Anthraxquinone Pulping Process
2.5. Chemical Analysis
2.6. Pulp Additives
2.7. Sheet Formation and Papersheet Testing
2.8. In Vitro Inhibition of Fungal Infestation
2.9. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Analyses (TEM) of the Prepared Nanomaterials
3.2. Chemical Composition of the Flax Plant and Pulp Properties
3.3. Mechanical and Physical Properties of the Papersheets
3.4. Biological Activity of the Flax Papersheets
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | |
---|---|
1 | Chitosan + Ag NP 1% |
2 | Chitosan + Ag NP 3% |
3 | Chitosan + ZnO NP 1% |
4 | Chitosan + ZnO NP 3% |
5 | Chitosan + NCL 1% |
6 | Chitosan + NCL 3% |
7 | Paraloid + Ag NP 1% |
8 | Paraloid + Ag NP 3% |
9 | Paraloid + ZnO NP 1% |
10 | Paraloid + ZnO NP 3% |
11 | Paraloid + NCL 1% |
12 | Paraloid + NCL 3% |
13 | Chitosan 4% |
14 | Paraloid B-72 4% |
15 | Pulp without additives |
Test Machine | Specifications |
---|---|
Tensile Tester | Model: Adamel Lhomargy, model No. 596420, DY-30; Maximum load cell: 100 N display in Newton or KN; Digital display: 41/2 digits; Accuracy: 0.1%; Speed range: 0.01 to 999 mm/min, automatic return sped. |
Tear Tester | Model: FRANK-PTI GMBH, Elmendorf tear tester, digital, Mod. 53984, Sr. 40551, Germany; Fully automatic model Available pendulums: 0–8000 mN; Compressed air 4–6 bar. |
Burst Tester | Model: Tecnolab Company, model No. BS 20 E/SN. 160.08, Italy; Capacity 1999 kPa; Sensitivity 1 kPa; Accuracy ±0.5% kPa; Pump flow rate 95 ± 5 mL/min; Circular clamp diameter 65 mm; Diaphragm diameter 30.5 mm; Adjustable clamp pressure 0–90 psi; Air supply 6 bar max (90 psi). |
Twin Folding Tester | Model: KÖGEL LEIPZIG, DFP 6-60; Standard tension of 9.81 N; Sample length: 100 mm; Sample width: 15 mm; Speed: 115 ± 10 strokes/min |
Color Touch Model ISO | Model: Technidyne Corporation, New Albany Indiana USA, Model NO. CTH- ISO, Serial NO. CTH A 2054; Technidyne Corporation. |
SOV | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F Value | Pr > F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile index (N·m/g) | |||||
Additives (A) | 6 | 383.552 | 63.925 | 198389 | <0.0001 |
Concentrations (B) | 1 | 17.056 | 17.056 | 52935.2 | <0.0001 |
A × B | 5 | 315.438 | 63.087 | 195789 | <0.0001 |
Error | 30 | 0.0096 | 0.00032 | ||
Corrected Total | 44 | 837.958 | |||
Tear index (mN·m2/g) | |||||
A | 6 | 20.284 | 3.3807 | 5828.86 | <0.0001 |
B | 1 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 19.01 | <0.0001 |
A × B | 5 | 4.608 | 0.922 | 1589.27 | <0.0001 |
Error | 30 | 0.0174 | 0.0006 | ||
Corrected Total | 44 | 44.703 | |||
Burst index (kPa·m2/g) | |||||
A | 6 | 0.668 | 0.112 | 110.02 | <0.0001 |
B | 1 | 1.444 | 1.444 | 1425.00 | <0.0001 |
A × B | 5 | 4.185 | 0.837 | 826.09 | <0.0001 |
Error | 30 | 0.0304 | 0.001 | ||
Corrected Total | 44 | 12.645 | |||
Fold number | |||||
A | 6 | 337 | 56.166 | 26.61 | <0.0001 |
B | 1 | 40.111 | 40.111 | 19.00 | <0.0001 |
A × B | 5 | 190.55 | 38.111 | 18.05 | <0.0001 |
Error | 30 | 63.333 | 2.11 | ||
Corrected Total | 44 | 985.20 | |||
Brightness (%) | |||||
A | 6 | 20.936 | 3.489 | 163.89 | <0.0001 |
B | 1 | 5.359 | 5.359 | 251.71 | <0.0001 |
A × B | 5 | 11.555 | 2.3111 | 108.55 | <0.0001 |
Error | 30 | 0.638 | 0.0212 | ||
Corrected Total | 44 | 44.07 | |||
Grammage (gm/m2) | |||||
A | 6 | 131.195 | 21.866 | 14.50 | <0.0001 |
B | 1 | 14.554 | 14.554 | 9.65 | 0.0041 |
A × B | 5 | 102.238 | 20.447 | 13.56 | <0.0001 |
Error | 30 | 45.23 | 1.5077 | ||
Corrected Total | 44 | 342.18 |
Pulp Additives | Concentration (%) | Inhibition of Mycelial Growth (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus flavus | Aspergillus terreus | Stemphylium solani | ||
Chitosan + Ag NP | 1 | 1.48 ± 1.28 | 11.48 ± 0.64 | 0.74 ± 0.64 |
3 | 1.11 ± 1.11 | 8.51 ± 2.79 | 2.59 ± 1.28 | |
Chitosan + ZnO NP | 1 | 1.85 ± 1.69 | 10.37 ± 0.64 | 1.85 ± 1.69 |
3 | 1.48 ± 1.28 | 2.59 ± 1.28 | 0.74 ± 0.64 | |
Chitosan + NCL | 1 | 1.11 ± 1.11 | 10.74 ± 0.64 | 0.37 ± 0.64 |
3 | 0.74 ± 0.64 | 5.92 ± 0.64 | 2.22 ± 1.11 | |
Paraloid B-72 + Ag NP | 1 | 0.37 ± 0.64 | 8.88 ± 1.11 | 3.7 ± 0.64 |
3 | 0.74 ± 1.28 | 9.62 ± 0.64 | 1.48 ± 1.28 | |
Paraloid B-72 + ZnO NP | 1 | 0.37 ± 0.64 | 8.14 ± 1.69 | 0.37 ± 0.64 |
3 | 0.00 | 8.14 ± 1.28 | 1.85 ± 0.64 | |
Paraloid B-72 + NCL | 1 | 0.37 ± 0.64 | 8.14 ± 1.28 | 0.37 ± 0.64 |
3 | 0.00 | 10.74 ± 0.64 | 0.74 ± 1.28 | |
Without additives | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Chitosan | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Paraloid B-72 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
p-value | ** | ** | ** |
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Abo Elgat, W.A.A.; Taha, A.S.; Böhm, M.; Vejmelková, E.; Mohamed, W.S.; Fares, Y.G.D.; Salem, M.Z.M. Evaluation of the Mechanical, Physical, and Anti-Fungal Properties of Flax Laboratory Papersheets with the Nanoparticles Treatment. Materials 2020, 13, 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020363
Abo Elgat WAA, Taha AS, Böhm M, Vejmelková E, Mohamed WS, Fares YGD, Salem MZM. Evaluation of the Mechanical, Physical, and Anti-Fungal Properties of Flax Laboratory Papersheets with the Nanoparticles Treatment. Materials. 2020; 13(2):363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020363
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbo Elgat, Wael A. A., Ayman S. Taha, Martin Böhm, Eva Vejmelková, Wael S. Mohamed, Yahia G. D. Fares, and Mohamed Z. M. Salem. 2020. "Evaluation of the Mechanical, Physical, and Anti-Fungal Properties of Flax Laboratory Papersheets with the Nanoparticles Treatment" Materials 13, no. 2: 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020363