Analysis of the Fire Behavior of Polymers (PP, PA 6 and PE-LD) and Their Improvement Using Various Flame Retardants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Determination of the Fire Behavior
2.3. Precision of Fire Behavior Tests
2.4. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Burning Behavior of Polymeric Materials without Flame Retardant
3.1.1. Aging of Polypropylene (PP)
3.1.2. Effect of Mass on the Heat Release of Polyamide (PA 6)
3.1.3. Effects of Different Radiation Intensities on the Heat Release Rate of Polyamide
- tig—time to ignition [s]
- Tig—ignition temperature [K]
- Tambient—ambient temperature [K]
- Radiation intensity [kW/m2]
- C(kρc)—Constant dependent on the material properties
- k—thermal conductivity [W/mK]
- ρ—density [kg/m3]
- c—heat capacity [J/K]
3.1.4. Heat Release Rate from Different Low-Density Polyethylene (PE-LD) from Different Manufacturers (Borealis, Sabic, DOW)
3.2. Flaming and Irradiation of Polypropylene (PP) with Various Flame Retardants
3.2.1. Heat Release from PP-Copo with Different Filling Contents of Expandable Graphite
3.2.2. Effect of Expandable Graphite as a Flame Retardant
3.2.3. Heat Release Rate and Burning Behavior (Schlyter Test) of PP with Various Flame Retardants
3.2.4. Change in the Heat Release rate of PP Sheets Due to Various Additivation of the Test Samples and Results of the UL 94-HB Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Producer | Polymer Type | Grade | Additional Information |
---|---|---|---|---|
PP | Borealis | PP Copolymer | BB412E | medium molecular weight block copolymer |
PA | BASF | PA 6 | Ultramid B27E | low viscosity general-purpose, extrusion grade |
PE-LD | Borealis | PE low density | FT5230 | unmodified for film extrusion |
PE-LD | Dow | PE low density | 300E/302E | unmodified for blow film extrusion |
PE-LD | Sabic | PE low density | 2601 × 1 | ultra melt strength grade with slip and antiblocking agents for foam applications |
Gra | AMG Mining | - | ES350F5 | Expandable graphite, D80 300 µm |
Zeolite | Paltentaler Minerals | - | 100_15 | D50 15 μm |
MMT | Rockwood Clay Additives | - | Nanofil 5 | Montmorillonite, D50 10 μm |
MgOH | Ankerpoort N.V. | - | Securoc B9 | Magnesium hydroxide, D50 2.6 µm |
Silane | Sigma Aldrich | - | 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate | - |
Peroxide | Sigma Aldrich | - | Dicumyl peroxide | - |
AlPh | Italmatch Chemicals SpA | - | Phoslite B85AX | Aluminium phosphinate |
Perlit | Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Chair of Mineral Processing | - | - | Expanded perlite, D50 0.525 mm, bublon process |
967 | Thor | - | AFLAMMIT PPN 967 | Multi-component blend based on ammonium polyphosphate |
NOR | BASF | - | NOR116 | monomeric N-alkoxy hindered amine (triazine derivative) |
NP | Adeka Palmarole | - | ADK STAB FP-2100JC | nitrogen/phosphorus-based, halogen-free flame retardant |
Storing Time [Days] | Storing Temperature [°C] | Degree of Crystallinity [%] |
---|---|---|
1 | 23 | 34 |
5 | 8 | 35 |
7 | 23 | 34 |
5 | 80 | 35 |
Parameter | Sample Mass [g] | |
---|---|---|
20 | 60 | |
HRR Peak [kW/m2] | 299 | 530 |
MARHE [kW/m2] | 197 | 375 |
EHC [MJ/kg] | 29 | 77 |
Time of Ignition [s] | 34 | 32 |
Burning Time [s] | 266 | 552 |
Radiation Intensity [kW/m2] | 25 | 35 | 50 | 60 | 75 | 95 |
HRR Peak [kW/m2] | 252 | 297 | 299 | 330 | 415 | 445 |
MAHRE [kW/m2] | 57 | 116 | 197 | 205 | 291 | 313 |
EHC [MJ/kg] | 32 | 31 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 30 |
Time to Ignition tig [s] | 524 | 204 | 34 | 33 | 13 | 12 |
Burning Time [s] | 626 | 326 | 266 | 348 | 256 | 218 |
Radiation Int. 35 kW/m2 | Radiation Int. 50 kW/m2 | UL94 HB | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Weight Percentages of Additives [%] | HRRp | MARHE | HRRp | MARHE | mm/min |
AM 00 | PP1 100% (native) | 441 | 292 | 562 | 408 | 35.9 |
AM 01 | PP1 + Cross 1.3% | 371 | 269 | 451 | 340 | 49.6 |
AM 02 | PP1 + Cross 1.3% + FR1 10% | 346 | 218 | 406 | 300 | 20 |
AM 03 | PP1 + Cross 1.3% + FR1 10% + Syn 0.8% | 398 | 274 | 593 | 384 | 20.3 |
AM 04 | PP1 + Cross 1.3% + FR1 5% + Syn 0.8% | 377 | 272 | 605 | 407 | 33 |
AM 05 | PP1 +Cross 1.3% + FR2 10% + Syn 0.8% | 435 | 296 | 589 | 384 | 11.4 |
AM 06 | PP1 + Cross 1.3% + FR2 5% + Syn 0.8% | 399 | 259 | 534 | 336 | 95.5 |
AM 07 | PP1 + Cross 2.6% + FR1 10% + Syn 0.8% | 375 | 248 | 478 | 325 | 8.7 |
AM 08 | PP1 + Cross 2.6% + FR1 5% + Syn 0.8% | 379 | 255 | 443 | 322 | 31.7 |
AM 09 | PP1 + Cross 2.6% + FR2 10% + Syn 0.8% | 374 | 261 | 443 | 322 | 26.8 |
AM 10 | PP1 + Cross 2.6% + FR2 5% + Syn 0.8% | 346 | 255 | 415 | 327 | 16.5 |
AM 11 | PP1 + FR4 12.5% | 393 | 240 | 483 | 311 | 0 |
AM 12 | PP1 + FR5 6% | 536 | 267 | 584 | 332 | 0 |
AM 13 | PP1 + Cross 1.3% + FR3 10% + Syn 0.8% | 261 | 172 | 358 | 245 | 27.2 |
RO 01 | PP2 + FR4 12.5% + Ad1 6.5% | 334 | 211 | 387 | 279 | – |
RO 02 | PP2 + FR4 12.5% + Ad2 4.5% | 136 | 88 | 414 | 274 | – |
RO 03 | PP2 + FR4 12.5% | 381 | 255 | 435 | 273 | – |
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Hohenwarter, D.; Mattausch, H.; Fischer, C.; Berger, M.; Haar, B. Analysis of the Fire Behavior of Polymers (PP, PA 6 and PE-LD) and Their Improvement Using Various Flame Retardants. Materials 2020, 13, 5756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245756
Hohenwarter D, Mattausch H, Fischer C, Berger M, Haar B. Analysis of the Fire Behavior of Polymers (PP, PA 6 and PE-LD) and Their Improvement Using Various Flame Retardants. Materials. 2020; 13(24):5756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245756
Chicago/Turabian StyleHohenwarter, Dieter, Hannelore Mattausch, Christopher Fischer, Matthias Berger, and Bernd Haar. 2020. "Analysis of the Fire Behavior of Polymers (PP, PA 6 and PE-LD) and Their Improvement Using Various Flame Retardants" Materials 13, no. 24: 5756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245756