Moisture-Dependent Strength Properties of Thermally-Modified Fraxinus excelsior Wood in Compression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Thermal Modification and Wood Sampling
2.2. Conditioning of the Specimens
2.3. Compression Tests
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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eMC | Treatment Applied | Density (kg × m−3) | MC (%) | MOET (MPa) | RcT (MPa) | MOER (MPa) | RcR (MPa) | MOEL (MPa) | RcL (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3% | ut | 591 ± 53 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 844 ± 94 a | 8.1 ± 1.6 a | 1356 ± 521 a | 6.3 ± 0.2 a | 11265 ± 2473 a | 79.9 ± 2.4 a |
180 °C | 579 ± 51 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 764 ± 143 a | 10.5 ± 0.8 b | 1405 ± 567 a | 5.8 ± 0.1 a | 11910 ± 2410 a | 85.7 ± 1.0b | |
200 °C | 563 ± 45 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 844 ± 187 a | 7.5 ± 1.1 a | 1666 ± 638 a | 6.2 ± 0.6 a | 11589 ± 2421 a | 71.7 ± 9.5 a | |
>FSP | ut | 930 ± 64 | 97.1 ± 9.5 | 207 ± 50 a | 2.5 ± 0.4 a | 446 ± 88 a | 2.4 ± 0.3 a | 3643 ± 937 a | 19.9 ± 2.2 a |
180 °C | 903 ± 50 | 85.7 ± 4.0 | 168 ± 42 a | 2.6 ± 0.4 a | 319 ± 117 a | 2.3 ± 0.40 a | 6137 ± 902 b | 18.8 ± 2.0 a | |
200 °C | 833 ± 44 | 68.7 ± 4.4 | 287 ± 70 b | 3.2 ± 0.3 b | 551 ± 112 b | 3.5 ± 0.3 b | 6342 ± 1470 b | 23.3 ± 3.8 b |
Direction | Effect | SS | df | MS | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perpendicular to the grain | Intercept | 42,869,394 | 1 | 42,869,394 | 400.2830 | 0.000 |
Moisture content (a) | 13,725,849 | 1 | 13,725,849 | 128.1619 | 0.000 | |
Temperature of modification (b) | 629,926 | 1 | 629,926 | 5.8818 | 0.018 | |
Anatomical direction (c) | 3,795,272 | 1 | 3,795,272 | 35.4375 | 0.000 | |
a × b | 601 | 1 | 601 | 0.0056 | 0.940 | |
a × c | 1,079,301 | 1 | 1,079,301 | 10.0777 | 0.002 | |
b × c | 71,365 | 1 | 71,365 | 0.6664 | 0.417 | |
a × b × c | 1443 | 1 | 1443 | 0.0135 | 0.908 | |
Error | 7,175,547 | 67 | 107,098 | |||
Intercept | 3.24 × 109 | 1 | 3.24 × 109 | 883.88 | 0.000 | |
Longitudinal to the grain | Moisture content (a) | 3.04 × 108 | 1 | 3.04 × 108 | 82.93 | 0.000 |
Modification temperature (b) | 3.31 × 104 | 1 | 3.31 × 104 | 0.01 | 0.925 | |
a × b | 6.92 × 105 | 1 | 6.92 × 105 | 0.19 | 0.666 | |
Error | 1.32 × 108 | 36 | 3.66 × 106 |
Direction | Effect | SS | df | MS | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perpendicular to the grain | Intercept | 1986.241 | 1 | 1986.241 | 4358.716 | 0.000 |
Moisture content (a) | 398.813 | 1 | 398.813 | 875.178 | 0.000 | |
Temperature of modification (b) | 0.639 | 1 | 0.639 | 1.402 | 0.241 | |
Anatomical direction (c) | 42.039 | 1 | 42.039 | 92.253 | 0.000 | |
a × b | 21.639 | 1 | 21.639 | 47.486 | 0.000 | |
a × c | 40.585 | 1 | 40.585 | 89.061 | 0.000 | |
b × c | 18.596 | 1 | 18.596 | 40.808 | 0.000 | |
a × b × c | 9.477 | 1 | 9.477 | 20.796 | 0.000 | |
Error | 30.532 | 67 | 0.456 | |||
Intercept | 79,584.5 | 1 | 79,584.5 | 2506.564 | 0.000 | |
Longitudinal to the grain | Moisture content (a) | 26,597.4 | 1 | 26,597.4 | 837.702 | 0.000 |
Modification temperature (b) | 179.74 | 1 | 179.74 | 5.661 | 0.024 | |
a × b | 691.92 | 1 | 691.92 | 21.792 | 0.000 | |
Error | 984.26 | 31 | 31.75 |
eMC | Treatment Applied | EL/ET | EL/ER | ET/ER |
---|---|---|---|---|
3% | Ut | 13.4 | 8.3 | 0.622 |
180 °C | 15.6 | 8.5 | 0.544 | |
200 °C | 13.7 | 6.9 | 0.507 | |
>FSP | Ut | 17.6 | 8.2 | 0.464 |
180 °C | 36.5 | 19.2 | 0.527 | |
200 °C | 22.1 | 11.5 | 0.521 |
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Roszyk, E.; Stachowska, E.; Majka, J.; Mania, P.; Broda, M. Moisture-Dependent Strength Properties of Thermally-Modified Fraxinus excelsior Wood in Compression. Materials 2020, 13, 1647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071647
Roszyk E, Stachowska E, Majka J, Mania P, Broda M. Moisture-Dependent Strength Properties of Thermally-Modified Fraxinus excelsior Wood in Compression. Materials. 2020; 13(7):1647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071647
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoszyk, Edward, Elżbieta Stachowska, Jerzy Majka, Przemysław Mania, and Magdalena Broda. 2020. "Moisture-Dependent Strength Properties of Thermally-Modified Fraxinus excelsior Wood in Compression" Materials 13, no. 7: 1647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071647