Flexural Strength and Hardness of Filler-Reinforced PMMA Targeted for Denture Base Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Method
2.2.1. Specimen Preparation
2.2.2. Selecting Appropriate Filler/Saline Percentages
2.2.3. Treating Surface of Fillers (Silanization)
2.2.4. Combining Nanoparticles and E-Glass Fibre with PMMA/MMA
2.3. Mechanical Measurments Procedures
2.3.1. Flexural Strength Measurement
2.3.2. Surface Hardness Measurement
2.4. Fracture Surface Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physical Characteristics of Particles
3.2. Flexural Strength
3.3. Surface Hardness
3.4. Microstructural Characteristics
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Composition and Specifications | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|
Lucitone-199TM | Heat-polymerized acrylic resin Powder: PMMA; Monomer: MMA | Dentsply International, York, PA, USA |
Zirconium oxide | Zirconium(IV) oxide-yttria stabilized, nanopowder, <100 nm particle size | Sigma Aldrich, Gillingham, UK |
Titanium oxide | Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase, nanopowder, <25 nm particle size | Sigma Aldrich, Gillingham, UK |
E-glass fibre | 3 mm in length, 15 μm in diameter | Hebei Yuniu Fibreglass, Xingtai, China |
Ethanol | Ethanol, absolute (C2H6O, EtOH) | Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK |
Silane coupling agent | 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, assay 98% | Sigma Aldrich, Gillingham, UK |
Materials Group | Group/Subgroup Code | Material Description | Number of Specimens |
---|---|---|---|
Control | C | PMMA acrylic resin | 10 |
ZrO2 nanoparticle | Z1 | PMMA acrylic resin + 1.5 wt.% ZrO2 | 10 |
Z3 | PMMA acrylic resin + 3 wt.% ZrO2 | 10 | |
Z5 | PMMA acrylic resin + 5 wt.% ZrO2 | 10 | |
Z7 | PMMA acrylic resin + 7 wt.% ZrO2 | 10 | |
TiO2 nanoparticle | T1 | PMMA acrylic resin + 1.5 wt.% TiO2 | 10 |
T3 | PMMA acrylic resin + 3 wt.% TiO2 | 10 | |
T5 | PMMA acrylic resin + 5 wt.% TiO2 | 10 | |
T7 | PMMA acrylic resin + 7 wt.% TiO2 | 10 | |
E-glass fibre | E1 | PMMA acrylic resin + 1.5 wt.% E-glass | 10 |
E3 | PMMA acrylic resin + 3 wt.% E-glass | 10 | |
E5 | PMMA acrylic resin + 5 wt.% E-glass | 10 | |
E7 | PMMA acrylic resin + 7 wt.% E-glass | 10 |
Filler Concentration | Filler in Each Mould (g) | PMMA Powder (g) | MMA Monomer (mL) |
---|---|---|---|
0% (Control) | 0.0 | 12.00 | 5.70 |
1.5% | 0.18 | 11.82 | 5.70 |
3% | 0.36 | 11.64 | 5.70 |
5% | 0.60 | 11.40 | 5.70 |
7% | 0.84 | 11.16 | 5.70 |
Group | Flexural Strength (MPa) Mean ± SD | Surface Hardness (HV0.30 Kg) Mean ± SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | C | 89.2 (6.3) ACD * | 17.3 (0.49) AD |
ZrO2 | Z1.5 | 92.6 (7.2) AB | 17.9 (0.58) A |
Z3 | 98.4 (8.3) B | 18.7 (0.55) B | |
Z5 | 95.8 (7.4) AB | 19.1 (0.58) BC | |
Z7 | 88.3 (6.5) A | 19.6 (0.70) C | |
TiO2 | T1.5 | 91.5 (8.3) C | 17.0 (0.63) DE |
T3 | 88.1 (11.5) C | 18.1 (0.66) E | |
T5 | 86.3 (9.2) C | 18.3 (0.56) E | |
T7 | 83.5 (7.2) C | 18.8 (0.67) E | |
E-glass fibre | E1.5 | 94.1 (6.9) DE | 18.5 (0.85) F |
E3 | 96.8 (8.1) DE | 19.2 (0.69) FG | |
E5 | 101.2 (10.4) E | 19.8 (0.58) GH | |
E7 | 105 (10.6) E | 20.5 (1.0) H |
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Alhotan, A.; Yates, J.; Zidan, S.; Haider, J.; Silikas, N. Flexural Strength and Hardness of Filler-Reinforced PMMA Targeted for Denture Base Application. Materials 2021, 14, 2659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102659
Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J, Silikas N. Flexural Strength and Hardness of Filler-Reinforced PMMA Targeted for Denture Base Application. Materials. 2021; 14(10):2659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102659
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlhotan, Abdulaziz, Julian Yates, Saleh Zidan, Julfikar Haider, and Nikolaos Silikas. 2021. "Flexural Strength and Hardness of Filler-Reinforced PMMA Targeted for Denture Base Application" Materials 14, no. 10: 2659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102659