Fiber-Reinforcing Effect in the Mechanical and Road Performance of Cement-Emulsified Asphalt Mixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Gradation
2.1.1. Materials
2.1.2. Gradation
2.2. Preparation of the Specimens
2.3. Test Methods
2.3.1. Mechanical Performance Tests
2.3.2. Road Performance Tests
2.3.3. Microstructurual Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fiber-Reinforcing Effects on CEAM Mechanical Properties
3.1.1. MS of FRCEAM
3.1.2. ITS of FRCEAM
3.1.3. Complete CSS Curves of FRCEAM
3.2. Fiber-Reinforcing Effects on CEAM Road Performance
3.2.1. Water Stability of FRCEAM
3.2.2. Cantabro Raveling Loss Resistance of FRCEAM
3.2.3. Low-Temperature Performance of FRCEAM
3.2.4. High-Temperature Performance of FRCEAM
3.2.5. Fatigue Performance of FRCEAM
3.3. The Microstructure of FRCEAM
4. Conclusions
- Fiber addition effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of CEAM, with the 28 d of curing MS of FRCEAM-PF and -BF increased by 32.8% and 44.9% and ITS increased by 31.7% and 39.4%, respectively. Curing was crucial to the mechanical property growth of these FRCEAMs. When the curing age increased from 7 to 28 d, the MS of FRCEAM-PF and -BF increased by 29.8% and 31.1% and ITS increased by 35.6% and 35.5%, respectively.
- The compressive strengths of FRCEAM-BF and FRCEAM-PF were greater than that of CEAM and significantly higher than EAM. Meanwhile, fiber addition made the peak strain increase. When the stress exceeded the compressive strength and entered the descending section, the stress of FRCEAM-BF decreased faster than that of FRCEAM-PF.
- Fiber addition enhanced CEAM water stability, with the MS0 of CEAM, FRCEAM-PF, and -BF at 87.2%, 93.8%, and 95.4%, respectively. In addition, PF and BF exhibited little difference in their effects on residual stability.
- At 7 d, the raveling loss of CEAM was 29.3%, with the raveling loss of FRCEAM-PF and -BF at 23.5% and 19.8%, respectively. At 28 d, the raveling losses of CEAM, FRCEAM-PF, and -BF were all < 20% and reaching 18.2%, 13.6%, and 9.2%, respectively, which met the requirements for hot blended asphalt mixtures.
- The εB of CEAM, FRCEAM-PF, and -BF were large and significantly larger than the requirements for hot blended asphalt mixtures (JTG F40-2017). The εB of FRCEAM-PF at 7 and 28 d were smaller than that of CEAM, but the εB of FRCEAM-BF was the highest of the three mixtures. When the curing time increased from 7 to 28 d, although the RB and εB of the three mixtures increased, their SB decreased to a certain extent. Thus, the low-temperature crack resistance performance of these mixtures clearly improved with age.
- The high-temperature performance of CEAM, FRCEAM-BF, and -PF was excellent at 7 d. At 28 d, deformation of the three mixtures was further reduced, and their dynamic stability also increased. Fiber addition increased the high-temperature stability more than one-fold, with the dynamic stability of FRCEAM-PF and -BF reaching 33,116 and 31,460 mm−1, respectively, at 28 d. The contribution of PF to CEAM high-temperature stability was greater than that of BF.
- Fiber addition to CEAM not only enhanced the tolerated cycles of the fatigue loading but also reduced sensitivity to changes in stress level. Furthermore, the durability of FRCEAM-BF was slightly better than that of FRCEAM-PF.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zarei, S.; Ouyang, J.; Yang, W.T.; Zhao, Y. Experimental analysis of semi-flexible pavement by using an appropriate cement asphalt emulsion paste. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 230, 116994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, Y.; Yan, X.; Lu, D.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Xu, O.; Li, W. Characteristics of the Cement Asphalt Emulsion Mixture With Early-Age Strength and Flowability. Front. Mater. 2020, 7, 122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, O.; Wang, Z.; Wang, R. Effects of aggregate gradations and binder contents on engineering properties of cement emulsified asphalt mixtures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 135, 632–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, C.; Li, J.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, S.; Liu, Y. Characterization of Sulphoaluminate Cement-Asphalt Emulsion Mortar for Cement and Asphalt Mortar Repair. Front. Mater. 2020, 7, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, X.T.; Zhu, S.Y.; Chen, S.F.; Li, X.; Dou, H.B. Comparative study on the deformation behaviors of cement emulsified asphalt mortars. Mater. Struct. 2015, 48, 3241–3247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, J.; Hu, L.J.; Yang, W.T.; Han, B. Strength improvement additives for cement bitumen emulsion mixture. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 198, 456–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nageim, H.A.; Al-Busaltan, S.F.; Atherton, W.; Sharples, G. A comparative study for improving the mechanical properties of cold bituminous emulsion mixtures with cement and waste materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 36, 743–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bazrafshan Moghadam, B.; Farhad Mollashahi, H. Suggesting a simple design method for cold recycled asphalt mixes with asphalt emulsion. J. Civ. Eng. Manag. 2017, 23, 966–976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mignini, C.; Cardone, F.; Graziani, A. Experimental study of bitumen emulsion-cement mortars: Mechanical behaviour and relation to mixtures. Mater. Struct. 2018, 51, 149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baghini, M.S.; Ismail, A.; Bin Karim, M.R. Evaluation of cement-treated mixtures with slow setting bitumen emulsion as base course material for road pavements. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 94, 323–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pi, Y.; Huang, Z.; Pi, Y.; Li, G.; Li, Y. Composition Design and Performance Evaluation of Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixtures. Materials 2019, 12, 2682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Miljković, M.; RadeOruc, S.; Celik, F.; Akpinar, M.V. Effect of cement on emulsified asphalt mixtures. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2007, 16, 578–583. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Z.J.; Sha, A.M. Micro hardness of interface between cement asphalt emulsion mastics and aggregates. Mater. Struct. 2010, 43, 453–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nejad, F.M.; Azarhoosh, A.R.; Hamedi, G.H. The effects of using recycled concrete on fatigue behavior of hot mix asphalt. J. Civ. Eng. Manag. 2014, 19, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Q. Quantitative evaluation of cement emulsified asphalt mortar and aggregate adhesion performance with dynamic mechanical analysis. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 262, 120043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Wang, R.; Wang, Q.; Yang, G.Y. Study of Mastic-Aggregate Interfacial Adhesion in Cement Emulsified Asphalt Mixture Based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM). Adv. Mater. Res. 2012, 413, 367–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, S.F.; Huang, Y.Y.; Cai, S.G.; Li, S.T.; Li, J.-M. Progress of technologies for cold mix asphalt. Road Mach. Constr. Mech. 2018, 35, 34–36. [Google Scholar]
- Standardization Administration of China. Road Portland Cement; (GB/T-13693-2017); Standardization Administration of China: Beijing, China, 2018.
- Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. Fiber for Asphalt Pavements; (JT/T 533-2020); Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China: Beijing, China, 2020.
- Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. Technical Specification for Construction of Highway Asphalt Pavements; (JTG F40-2017); Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China: Beijing, China, 2017.
- Xiao, J.J. Study on Structure Formation Mechanism and Features of Cement Emulsified Asphalt Mixture. Ph.D. Thesis, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, S.Y.; Qin, X.T.; Chen, Y.W.; Zhang, Z.Q.; Jiang, Y. Reinforing effect and microscopic Mechanism of fiber-reinforced cement emulsified asphalt mixture. Highway 2017, 12, 234–240. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixture for Highway Eingineering; (JTG E20-2011); Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China: Beijing, China, 2011.
Indicators | Test Values | Technical Requirements |
---|---|---|
Specific surface area (m2·kg−1) | 390 | 300–450 |
Initial setting time (min) | 130 | ≥90 |
Final setting time (min) | 600 | ≤720 |
Dry shrinkage rate (%) | 0.04 | ≤0.1 |
28 d abrasion value (m2·kg−1) | 1.5 | ≤3.0 |
3 d compressive strength (MPa) | 26 | ≥21 |
28 d compressive strength (MPa) | 49.0 | ≥42.5 |
3 d Bending Strength (MPa) | 4.7 | ≥4 |
3 d Bending Strength (MPa) | 10.7 | ≥7.5 |
Fiber Type | Polyester Fiber | Brucite Fiber | Technical Requirements | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Items | ||||
Color and appearance | White, Sarcinform | Hoary, Cottony | - | |
Average length (mm) | 6 | 0.2–4 | 10–38/≤6 | |
Average diameter (μm) | 20 | 2–4 | 15–35/≤5 | |
Density(g/cm3) | 1.316 | 2.284 | - | |
Moisture content (%) | 0.05 | 0.08 | ≤0.2 | |
Oil absorption rate (times) | 4.2 | 3.6 | ≥0.5 | |
Breaking strength (MPa) | 360 | - | ≥270 | |
Elongation at break (%) | 12 | - | ≥8 | |
Crimp fiber content (%) | 1 | - | ≤3 | |
Shot content (0.15 mm) (%) | - | 8 | ≤20 | |
Passing rate of 0.15 mm sieve (%) | - | 65 | 60 ± 10 | |
Added value of the passing rate of 0.15 mm sieve (%) | - | 18 | ≤22 |
Indicators | Test Values | Technical Requirements |
---|---|---|
80 μm sieving residue (%) | 0.02 | ≤0.2 |
Engrass viscosity E25 | 15 | 3–30 |
Content of evaporation residues (%) | 61 | ≥60 |
Penetration (100 g, 25 °C, 5 s) (0.1 mm) | 75 | 40–100 |
Softening point (°C) | 60 | ≥53 |
5 °C ductility (cm) | 32 | ≥20 |
Solubility (%) | 99.5 | ≥97.5 |
1 d storage stability (%) | 0.1 | ≤1 |
5 d storage stability (%) | 1.2 | ≤5 |
Particle Size/mm | 10–15 | 5–10 | 3–5 | 0–3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicators | |||||
Apparent density (g·cm−3) | 2.678 | 2.680 | 2.677 | 2.706 | |
Bulk density (g·cm−3) | 2.625 | 2.607 | 2.595 | - | |
Dry apparent density (g·cm−3) | 2.645 | 2.635 | 2.625 | - | |
Flat and elongated particle content (%) | 6.1 | 4.4 | - | - | |
Water absorption (%) | 0.75 | 1.04 | 1.19 | - |
Indicators | Test Values | Technical Requirements | |
---|---|---|---|
Bulk specific gravity (g·cm−3) | 2.798 | ≥2.5 | |
Moisture content (%) | 0.82 | ≤1 | |
Particle size range (%) | <0.6 mm | 100 | 100 |
<0.15 mm | 93.6 | 90–100 | |
<0.075 mm | 80.2 | 75–100 |
Sieve Size (mm) | 16 | 13.2 | 9.5 | 4.75 | 2.36 | 1.18 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.075 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Passing rate (%) | 100 | 96.2 | 76.3 | 48.8 | 31.3 | 21.0 | 15.7 | 11.4 | 9.5 | 6.1 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhu, S.; Xu, Z.; Qin, X.; Liao, M. Fiber-Reinforcing Effect in the Mechanical and Road Performance of Cement-Emulsified Asphalt Mixtures. Materials 2021, 14, 2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112779
Zhu S, Xu Z, Qin X, Liao M. Fiber-Reinforcing Effect in the Mechanical and Road Performance of Cement-Emulsified Asphalt Mixtures. Materials. 2021; 14(11):2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112779
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Siyue, Zirui Xu, Xiantao Qin, and Menghui Liao. 2021. "Fiber-Reinforcing Effect in the Mechanical and Road Performance of Cement-Emulsified Asphalt Mixtures" Materials 14, no. 11: 2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112779