The Influence of Mechanical Alloying and Plastic Consolidation on the Resistance to Arc Erosion of the Ag–Re Composite Contact Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The addition of rhenium in the amount of 1% by mass improves the Ag–Re composite resistance to electric arc.
- The introduction of a larger amount of rhenium to the Ag–Re composite (10% by mass) reduces the electric arc resistance.
- The use of the mechanical alloying process in the Ag–Re composite production process increases its resistance to electric arc.
- The obtained results in the field of electric arc resistance prove that AgRe1 composite is more resistant to electric arc than the commonly used contact materials Ag(SnO2)10 and AgNi10 (for DC current, 10 A) and the Ag(SnO2)10 composite (for AC 60 A).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metal | Specific Surface Area BET Multipoint, m2/g | Average Powder Size, µm |
---|---|---|
Ag | 0.056 ± 0.001 | 24.33 ± 0.49 |
Re | 1.448 ± 0.016 | 1.69 ± 0.04 |
Contact Material | Ag, % by Mass | Re, % by Mass |
---|---|---|
AgRe1 | 99 | 1 |
AgRe5 | 95 | 5 |
AgRe10 | 90 | 10 |
Parameter | Direct Current, DC | Alternating Current, AC |
---|---|---|
Current, A | 10 | 60 |
Voltage, V | 550 | 230 |
Distance between contacts, mm | 6 | 5 |
Force of pressure, N | 10 | 10 |
Number of switching cycles | 50,000 | 15,000 |
Material (A) | Reference Material (B) | Rivet Shape | Technology Type | Value and Type of Load | Mas Loss A, mg | Mas Loss B, mg | Mass Loss Ratio, (mas loss A)/ (mas loss B) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AgRe10 | AgNi10 | 6BW4/1.5 | CPM | 10 A, DC | 7.33 | 1.47 | 5.0 |
AgRe5 | 2.90 | 2.0 | |||||
AgRe10–method 1 | 10BW4/1.5 | MA | 3.47 | 1.40 | 2.5 | ||
AgRe10–method 2 | MA + SPS | 4.87 | 3.5 | ||||
AgRe1 | MA | 1.20 | 0.9 | ||||
AgRe10–method 2 | 60 A, AC | 36.50 | 6.83 | 5.3 | |||
AgRe1 | 16.67 | 2.4 | |||||
CPM = classical powder metallurgy; MA = mechanical alloying; SPS = spark plasma sintering |
Material | Rivet Shape | Technology Type | Value and Type of Load | Mass Loss, mg | Coefficient of Variation, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Standard Deviation | |||||
AgRe10 | 6BW4/1.5 | CPM | 10 A, DC | 7.33 | 3.33 | 45.47 |
AgRe5 | 2.90 | 0.95 | 32.89 | |||
AgNi10 | 1.47 | 1.08 | 73.23 | |||
AgRe10–method 1 | 10BW4/1.5 | MA | 3.47 | 0.55 | 15.88 | |
AgRe10–method 2 | MA + SPS | 4.87 | 0.35 | 7.22 | ||
AgRe1 | MA | 1.20 | 0.10 | 8.33 | ||
Ag(SnO2)10 | IO | 1.47 | 0.55 | 37.49 | ||
AgNi10 | CPM | 1.40 | 0.80 | 57.14 | ||
AgRe10–method 2 | MA + SPS | 60 A, AC | 36.50 | 14.50 | 39.73 | |
AgRe1 | MA | 16.67 | 9.29 | 55.75 | ||
Ag(SnO2)10 | IO | 17.83 | 12.83 | 71.96 | ||
AgNi10 | CPM | 6.83 | 3.69 | 53.99 | ||
CPM = classical powder metallurgy; MA = mechanical alloying; SPS = spark plasma sintering |
Number of Switching | Contact Resistance, mΩ | Coefficient of Variation, % | |
---|---|---|---|
Average | Standard Deviation | ||
AgRe10–method 2, 10BW4/1.5, MA + SPS | |||
0 | 113.00 | 7.94 | 7.02 |
5000 | 131.00 | 11.53 | 8.80 |
10,000 | 165.00 | 11.53 | 6.99 |
15,000 | 230.00 | 23.30 | 10.13 |
AgRe1, 10BW4/1.5, MA | |||
0 | 124.00 | 13.53 | 10.91 |
5000 | 158.00 | 22.91 | 14.50 |
10,000 | 163.00 | 23.30 | 14.30 |
15,000 | 197.00 | 44.31 | 22.49 |
Ag(SnO2)10, 10BW4/1.5, IO | |||
0 | 125.00 | 21.52 | 17.21 |
5000 | 142.00 | 17.78 | 12.52 |
10,000 | 164.00 | 25.51 | 15.56 |
15,000 | 204.00 | 57.00 | 27.94 |
AgNi10, 10BW4/1.5, CPM | |||
0 | 113.00 | 17.58 | 15.56 |
5000 | 121.00 | 11.14 | 9.20 |
10,000 | 147.00 | 17.78 | 12.09 |
15,000 | 175.00 | 50.27 | 28.73 |
CPM = classical powder metallurgy; MA = mechanical alloying; SPS = spark plasma sintering |
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Kołacz, D.; Księżarek, S.; Borkowski, P.; Karwan-Baczewska, J.; Lis, M.; Kamińska, M.; Juszczyk, B.; Kulasa, J.; Kowalski, A.; Wierzbicki, Ł.; et al. The Influence of Mechanical Alloying and Plastic Consolidation on the Resistance to Arc Erosion of the Ag–Re Composite Contact Material. Materials 2021, 14, 3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123297
Kołacz D, Księżarek S, Borkowski P, Karwan-Baczewska J, Lis M, Kamińska M, Juszczyk B, Kulasa J, Kowalski A, Wierzbicki Ł, et al. The Influence of Mechanical Alloying and Plastic Consolidation on the Resistance to Arc Erosion of the Ag–Re Composite Contact Material. Materials. 2021; 14(12):3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123297
Chicago/Turabian StyleKołacz, Dariusz, Stanisław Księżarek, Piotr Borkowski, Joanna Karwan-Baczewska, Marcin Lis, Małgorzata Kamińska, Barbara Juszczyk, Joanna Kulasa, Aleksander Kowalski, Łukasz Wierzbicki, and et al. 2021. "The Influence of Mechanical Alloying and Plastic Consolidation on the Resistance to Arc Erosion of the Ag–Re Composite Contact Material" Materials 14, no. 12: 3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123297