Recovery of Industrial Wastes as Fillers in the Epoxy Thermosets for Building Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Tested Formulations
2.2. Epoxy Resin
2.3. Fillers
2.3.1. Reference Filler—Quartz Sand (REF)
2.3.2. Waste Glass from Solar Panels (WGS)
2.3.3. Waste from the Production of Mineral Insulation Boards (RGI)
2.3.4. Fly Ash (FA)
2.3.5. Neutralisation Sludge (NS)
2.3.6. Waste Foundry Sand (WFS)
2.3.7. Summary of Properties of Input Raw Materials
3. Methods
3.1. Compressive and Flexural Strength
3.2. Cohesion with Concrete
3.3. Dynamic Viscosity
3.4. Abrasion Resistance
3.5. Impact Resistance
3.6. Hardness
3.7. Thermal Expansion
3.8. Effects of the Aggressive Environment
3.9. Microstructure—Digital Microscope and SEM
3.10. FTIR
3.11. CT Tomography
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Compressive and Flexural Strength
4.2. Cohesion with Concrete
4.3. Dynamic Viscosity
4.4. Abrasion Resistance
4.5. Impact Resistance
4.6. Hardness
4.7. Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion
4.8. Effects of the Aggressive Environment
4.9. Microstructure—Digital Microscope and SEM
4.10. FTIR
4.11. CT Tomography
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Epoxy Binder | Component A | Component B | Mix Ratio by Weight of Resin to Hardener |
---|---|---|---|
ER 1 | Epoxy resin, (alkoxymethyl) oxirane (C12–C14 alkyl), solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic | Benzyl alcohol, polymer with benzenamine, hydrogenated formaldehyde, 2,4,6-tris (dimethylaminomethyl) phenol, 1,4-bis(aminocyclohexyl)methane | 3.2:1 |
ER 2 | Epoxy resin, (alkoxymethyl) oxirane (C12–C14 alkyl), solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic | Benzyl alcohol, fatty acids, reaction products with triethylenetetramine, 3-(aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-amin, bisfenol Am-fenylenbis (methylamin), N,N-dimethylpropan-1,3-diamin, 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol | 1.8:1 |
ER 3 | Epoxy resin, oxirane, formaldehyde,oligomeric reaction products with 1-chlor-2, 3-epoxypropane and phenol | Trisphenol, benzyl alcohol, Methylene oxide polymer with benzenamine, hydrogenated, 4, 4-Methylenebis | 1.8:1 |
Epoxy Binder | Specific Weight at 20 °C (kg/L) | Pot Life at 20 °C (min) | Max. Moisture of Substrate (%) | Dynamic Viscosity (mPa·s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ER 1 | 1.30 | 20 | 5 | 2200 |
ER 2 | 1.11 | 2 | 12 | 2160 |
ER 3 | 1.10 | 20 | 4 | 2150 |
Parameter | REF | WGS | RGI | FA | NS | WFS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 99.5 | 71.0 | 50.6 | 53.4 | 1.12 | 94.0 |
Al2O3 | 0.41 | 0.499 | 13.5 | 18.34 | 0.53 | 1.72 |
Fe2O3 | 0.028 | 0.11 | 0.33 | 10.57 | 56.6 | 0.387 |
Na2O | 0.029 | 12.4 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 1.99 |
K2O | 0.222 | 0.171 | 0.58 | 0.91 | 0.06 | 0.726 |
CaO | 0.038 | 8.45 | 21.2 | 4.13 | 15.5 | 0.174 |
MgO | - | 4.04 | 0.45 | 0.89 | 0.05 | 0.057 |
MnO | - | 0.006 | - | - | - | 0.011 |
ZnO | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - |
SrO | - | 0.005 | 0.11 | - | - | - |
CuO | - | - | - | - | 0.326 | - |
NiO | - | - | - | - | 0.014 | - |
Cr2O3 | <0.004 | 0.005 | - | - | 0.023 | 0.081 |
TiO2 | 0.031 | 0.023 | 0.32 | - | - | 0.037 |
SO4 | - | - | - | 0.25 | 0.47 | - |
PbO | 0.02 | - | - | - | 0.262 | - |
V2O5 | - | - | - | - | 1.43 × 10−4 | - |
TOC | - | - | - | 5.2 | 0.02 | - |
Parameter | REF | WGS | RGI | FA | NS | WFS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specific gravity (kg/m3) | 2662 | 2509 | 2620 | 2390 | 2960 | 2680 |
Specific surface area (cm2/g) | 330 | 390 | 900 | 3410 | 7800 | 430 |
Indication of a Breach | Evaluation Criterion |
---|---|
7 | The material shows no changes |
6 | Colour changes |
5 | Swelling + colour changes |
4 | Peeling the material off the slide |
3 | Peeling the material off the slide + swelling + colour changes |
2 | Peeling the material off the slide + softening |
1 | Complete decomposition of the material |
Material | Aggressive Medium | Concentration | REF | WGS | RGI | FA | NS | WFS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER1 | H2SO4 | 40% | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 |
ER2 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | ||
ER3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | ||
ER1 | NaOH | 40% | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
ER2 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | ||
ER3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||
ER1 | CH3COOH | 10% | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
ER2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
ER3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
ER1 | Gasoline | - | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
ER2 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | ||
ER3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||
ER1 | NaCl | 10% | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
ER2 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||
ER3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||
ER1 | H2O2 | 30% | 5 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
ER2 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 5 | ||
ER3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 6 | ||
ER1 | Distilled water | - | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
ER2 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||
ER3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
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Hodul, J.; Mészárosová, L.; Drochytka, R. Recovery of Industrial Wastes as Fillers in the Epoxy Thermosets for Building Application. Materials 2021, 14, 3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133490
Hodul J, Mészárosová L, Drochytka R. Recovery of Industrial Wastes as Fillers in the Epoxy Thermosets for Building Application. Materials. 2021; 14(13):3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133490
Chicago/Turabian StyleHodul, Jakub, Lenka Mészárosová, and Rostislav Drochytka. 2021. "Recovery of Industrial Wastes as Fillers in the Epoxy Thermosets for Building Application" Materials 14, no. 13: 3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133490