Influence of Various Heat Treatments on Hardness and Impact Strength of Uddeholm Balder: Cr-Mo-V-Ni Novel Steel Used for Engine Construction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Hardness Measurement
2.2. Impact Toughness Test
2.3. Heat Treatments
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Occurrence of temper embrittlement was confirmed, and possible explanations were proposed. Authors suspect it originated in a cooling rate lower than critical, and additionally, non-negligible content of Phosphorus segregating to the grain boundary contributed to that phenomenon. Thus, to avoid it, either purifying an alloy or more thought-through heat treatment should be considered.
- (2)
- Tests conducted after heat treatment of samples show substantial improvement in mechanical properties of the examined alloy. Mainly, an increase in hardness from 46.4 HRC to 48.4 HRC with impact toughness simultaneously rising three-fold (from 17 J to 57.3 J) was recorded, and a six-fold increase of impact toughness (from 17 J to 135.4 J) was possible with a hardness drop from 46.4 HRC to 33.5 HRC. It proves that striking a satisfying balance between those two properties is indeed possible.
- (3)
- Ductile-brittle transition was not detected in temperatures as low as −29 °C, making alloy in question a promising material for use in engine applications.
- (4)
- Secondary hardening was not observed; as-delivered material decreased in hardness when tempered.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Sample 1. | Sample 2. | Sample 3. | Sample 4. | Average | Typical |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C (%) | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.3 |
Si (%) | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.3 |
Mn (%) | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.2 |
Cr (%) | 2.34 | 2.34 | 2.34 | 2.34 | 2.34 | 2.3 |
Mo (%) | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.8 |
V (%) | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.8 |
Ni (%) | 3.88 | 3.88 | 3.88 | 3.88 | 3.88 | 4.0 |
P (%) | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | - |
S (%) | 0.029 | 0.021 | 0.027 | 0.03 | 0.027 | - |
Al (%) | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | - |
Co (%) | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | - |
Cu (%) | 0.14 | 0.094 | 0.074 | 0.066 | 0.093 | - |
W (%) | 0.026 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.025 | - |
Te (%) | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.021 | - |
Ta (%) | 0.074 | 0.074 | 0.077 | 0.065 | 0.072 | - |
B (%) | 0.0007 | 0.0006 | 0.0005 | 0.0007 | 0.0006 | - |
Fe (%) | 89.8 | 89.9 | 89.9 | 89.9 | 89.9 | Bal. |
Other (%) | Bal. | - |
Sample No. | Graph | Fracture Area |
---|---|---|
1 | ||
2 | ||
3 | ||
4 |
Sample Number | Sample Width (mm) | Notch Bottom Position (mm) | Maximum Load (kN) | Impact Energy KV2 (J) | Mean Impact Energy KV2avg (J) | Mean Sample Hardness (HRC) | Average Material Hardness (HRC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.97 | 8.00 | 18.94 | 16.3 | 17.0 | 46.5 | 46.4 |
2 | 9.96 | 7.99 | 20.25 | 17.7 | 46.4 | ||
3 | 9.97 | 8.00 | 14.86 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 46 | |
4 | 9.97 | 8.00 | 14.91 | 12.4 | 46.6 |
Steel Alloy | Standard Hardness (HRC) | Standard Impact Toughness KV (J) | Source |
---|---|---|---|
H13 | 46 38–53 | ~26 Very high | [20] [21] |
33H3MF | 26 | 92 | [22] |
Orvar Supreme | 45 | ~16 | [23] |
WCLV | 56 | 25.6 | [24] |
48 | 32 | ||
25H2N4WA | 27.6 | 63 | [25] |
30HN2MFA | 35.5–41 | 20 | [25] |
Dievar | 44–46 | 43 | [26] |
QRO 90 Supreme | 45 | 15 | [27,31] |
Vidar Superior | 45 | 30 | [28,31] |
Bohler W300 | 50–52 | 19–28 | [29] |
Bohler W400 | 50–52 | 26–36 | [30] |
Element | C (%) | Si (%) | Mn (%) | Cr (%) | Mo (%) | V (%) | Ni (%) | P (%) | S (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H13 | 0.32–0.45 | 0.8–1.2 | 0.2–0.5 | 4.75–5.5 | 1.1–1.75 | 0.8–1.2 | 0.3 max | ||
Orvar Supreme | 0.39 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 5.2 | 1.4 | 0.9 | - | ||
33H3MF | 0.29–0.36 | 0.17–0.37 | 0.5–0.8 | 2.4–2.8 | 0.35–0.45 | 0.2–0.3 | 0.3 max | 0.035 max | 0.035 max |
WCLV | 0.35–0.45 | 0.8–1.2 | 0.2–0.5 | 4.5–5.5 | 1.2–1.5 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.35 max | 0.03 max | 0.03 max |
25H2N4WA | 0.21–0.28 | 0.17–0.37 | 0.25–0.55 | 1.35–1.65 | - | - | 4–4.0 | 0.03 max | 0.025 |
30HN2MFA | 0.26–0.33 | 0.17–0.37 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.6–0.9 | 0.2–0.3 | 0.15–0.3 | 2–2.5 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Dievar | 0.35 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 5 | 2.3 | 0.6 | - | ||
Bohler W300 | 0.38 | 1.1 | 0.40 | 5 | 1.3 | 0.4 | - | ||
Bohler W400 | 0.37 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 5 | 1.3 | 0.45 | - | ||
QRO 90 Supreme | 0.38 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 0.9 | - | ||
Vidar Superior | 0.36 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | - |
Sample Number | HT 1. | HT 2. | HT 3. | ST (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.1, 1.2 | Quenching at 960 °C for 25′ | Tempering at 600 °C for 2 h | Tempering at 580 °C for 2 h | +20 ± 2 |
1.3, 1.4 | −29 ± 2 | |||
2.1, 2.2 | Quenching at 960 °C for 25′ | Tempering at 200 °C for 2 h | Tempering at 200 °C for 2 h | +20 ± 2 |
2.3, 2.4 | −29 ± 2 | |||
3.1, 3.2 | Quenching at 1020 °C for 25′ | Tempering at 640 °C for 2 h | Tempering at 600 °C for 2 h | +20 ± 2 |
3.3, 3.4 | −29 ± 2 | |||
4.1, 4.2 | Tempering at 640 °C for 2 h | Tempering at 600 °C for 2 h | - | +20 ± 2 |
4.3, 4.4 | −29 ± 2 |
Sample Number | Graphs | Fracture Area |
---|---|---|
1.1 | ||
1.2 | ||
1.3 | ||
1.4 | ||
2.1 | ||
2.2 | ||
2.3 | ||
2.4 | ||
3.1 | ||
3.2 | ||
3.3 | ||
3.4 | ||
4.1 | ||
4.2 | ||
4.3 | ||
4.4 |
Sample Number | Sample Temp. (°C) | Impact Energy KV2 (J) | Mean Impact Energy KV2avg (J) | Mean Hard. (HRC) | Mean Hard. (HV) | YS (MPa) | TS (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.1 | +20 | 126.7 | 123.2 | 36.2 | 356 | 933 | 1101 |
1.2 | 119.6 | 35.7 | 351 | 918 | 1084 | ||
1.3 | −29 | 112.6 | 107.8 | 37.5 | 369 | 970 | 1145 |
1.4 | 103.0 | 36.3 | 357 | 936 | 1104 | ||
2.1 | +20 | 57.2 | 57.3 | 48.4 | 489 | 1315 | 1550 |
2.2 | 57.4 | 47.8 | 482 | 1295 | 1526 | ||
2.3 | −29 | 53.1 | 58.5 | 47.7 | 480 | 1289 | 1519 |
2.4 | 63.9 | 48.5 | 491 | 1321 | 1556 | ||
3.1 | +20 | 97.7 | 105.4 | 36.2 | 356 | 933 | 1101 |
3.2 | 113.1 | 36.1 | 355 | 933 | 1101 | ||
3.3 | −29 | 106.4 | 105.7 | 36.1 | 355 | 933 | 1101 |
3.4 | 104.9 | 36.9 | 363 | 953 | 1124 | ||
4.1 | +20 | 139.2 | 135.4 | 33.5 | 328 | 852 | 1006 |
4.2 | 131.6 | 33.6 | 330 | 858 | 1013 | ||
4.3 | −29 | 126.6 | 123.2 | 34.1 | 336 | 875 | 1033 |
4.4 | 119.8 | 33.7 | 331 | 861 | 1016 |
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Mazuro, P.; Pieńkowska, J.; Rostek, E. Influence of Various Heat Treatments on Hardness and Impact Strength of Uddeholm Balder: Cr-Mo-V-Ni Novel Steel Used for Engine Construction. Materials 2021, 14, 4943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174943
Mazuro P, Pieńkowska J, Rostek E. Influence of Various Heat Treatments on Hardness and Impact Strength of Uddeholm Balder: Cr-Mo-V-Ni Novel Steel Used for Engine Construction. Materials. 2021; 14(17):4943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174943
Chicago/Turabian StyleMazuro, Paweł, Julia Pieńkowska, and Ewa Rostek. 2021. "Influence of Various Heat Treatments on Hardness and Impact Strength of Uddeholm Balder: Cr-Mo-V-Ni Novel Steel Used for Engine Construction" Materials 14, no. 17: 4943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174943