Mechanical Behavior and Healing Efficiency of Microcapsule-Based Cemented Coral Sand under Various Water Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Test Procedures
2.1. Material
2.2. Microcapsules
2.3. Specimen Preparation
2.4. Test Procedures
2.4.1. Uniaxial Compressive Test
2.4.2. SHPB Test
2.5. PZT Test
3. Mechanical Properties of Microcapsule-Based CCS
3.1. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS)
3.2. Comparisons of Seawater and Freshwater
3.3. SHPB Test Results
4. Healing Efficiency of Microcapsule in CCS
4.1. Healing Efficiency in Freshwater and Seawater Environment
4.2. Healing Efficiency in Solution of Various pH
5. Conclusions
- The microcapsule in the CCS could improve the initial strength of the specimens by 45–83%. The optimal mixed ratio of microcapsule was 3% (i.e., mass ratio to the cement) under the synthesized rotating speed of 450 rmp. The seawater environment would decrease the compressive strength of the microcapsule-based CCS.
- The SHPB impact tests indicated that the mix of microcapsules improved the initial dynamic compressive strength of the CCS. The absorbed energy by microcapsules was dissipated in the damage and deformation of the CCS specimens and the heat change of microcapsules. The microcapsule would reduce the dependence of the strength of the specimen on the incident energy and reduce the growth rate of strength with the energy density.
- According to the PZT test results, the healing efficiency of microcapsules in freshwater and seawater was 75% and 59.56%, respectively. The acid–base environment of the surrounding water of microcapsule-based CCS would inhibit the healing effect of microcapsules. The healing efficiency in acid–base water ranged from 5.74% to 19.72, which was especially low in the peracid and peralkalic water environment.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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0.25–0.5 (mm) | 0.5–1 (mm) | d10 (mm) | d50 (mm) | d90 (mm) | Cu | Cc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
43.62% | 56.38% | 0.29 | 0.40 | 0.61 | 2.10 | 0.90 |
NaCl (g/L) | MaCl2 (g/L) | Na2SO4 (g/L) | CaCl2 (g/L) | H2O (L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
24.53 | 5.20 | 4.09 | 1.16 | 1 |
Usage | Reagent | Purity Specifications |
---|---|---|
Core material | Epoxy Resin (E-51) | Technical pure |
Wall material | Carbamide | Analytically pure |
Methanal | Analytically pure/ 37% aqueous solution | |
pH Regulator | Triethanolamine | Analytically pure |
Anhydrous sodium carbonate | Analytically pure | |
Emulsifier | Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate | Analytically pure |
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | Analytically pure | |
Defoamer | N-caprylic alcohol | Analytically pure |
Acid catalyst | Ammonium chloride | Analytically pure |
Curing agent | Resorcin | Analytically pure |
Test | Specimen ID | Pre-Treatment | Microcapsule Content (%) | Rotating Speed (rpm) | Mixing Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uniaxial compressive test | U-1 | No | 0 | - | Seawater |
U-2 | 0 | - | Freshwater | ||
U-3 | 1 | 150–800 | Freshwater | ||
U-4 | 3 | 150–800 | Freshwater | ||
U-5 | 5 | 150–800 | Freshwater | ||
U-6 | 7 | 150–800 | Freshwater | ||
U-7 | 9 | 150–800 | Freshwater | ||
U-8 | 3 | 450 | Seawater | ||
SHPB test | S-1 | No | 0 | - | Freshwater |
S-2 | 3 | 450 | Freshwater | ||
S-3 | 3 | 450 | Seawater | ||
PZT test | P-1 | Yes | 3 | 450 | Seawater |
P-2 (pH = 1) | Freshwater | ||||
P-3 (pH = 3) | Freshwater | ||||
P-4 (pH = 5) | Freshwater | ||||
P-5 (pH = 7) | Freshwater | ||||
P-6 (pH = 9) | Freshwater | ||||
P-7 (pH = 11) | Freshwater |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Launch pressure (Pl) | 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 Bar |
Wave velocity of impact bar (C0) | 5000 m/s |
Elastic modulus of impact bar (E0) | 210,000 MPa |
Diameter and length of bullet (Db and Lb) | 60 mm and 50 cm |
Length of incident bar and transmission bar (Li and Lt) | 2.8 m |
Diameter of incident bar and transmission bar (Di and Dt) | 60 mm |
Frequency of dynamic acquisition instrument (F) | 2.5 MHz |
Amplification factor of dynamic acquisition instrument (Fa) | 100 |
Bridge voltage (Vb) | 2 V |
Strain Rate | 115 s−1 | 165 s−1 | 214 s−1 | 251 s−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
With microcapsule | ||||
Without microcapsule |
Group | pH = 1 | pH = 3 | pH = 5 | pH = 9 | pH = 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial wave velocity (m/s) | 1235.03 | 1210.67 | 1220.45 | 1254.99 | 1275.49 |
Post-damage (m/s) | 943.47 | 886.86 | 994.57 | 875.19 | 821.17 |
Post-healing (m/s) | 1081.54 | 1120.30 | 1177.25 | 1156.77 | 1031.23 |
Initial energy (mJ) | 7.7495 | 8.3060 | 6.9290 | 5.7970 | 4.0750 |
Post-damage energy (mJ) | 0.4569 | 0.2360 | 0.5160 | 0.4360 | 0.6930 |
Post-healing energy (mJ) | 1.0088 | 1.8280 | 1.6940 | 1.2920 | 0.8870 |
Healing efficiency (%) | 7.56 | 19.72 | 18.37 | 15.97 | 5.74 |
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Qin, Y.; Wang, Q.; Xu, D.; Chen, W. Mechanical Behavior and Healing Efficiency of Microcapsule-Based Cemented Coral Sand under Various Water Environments. Materials 2021, 14, 5571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195571
Qin Y, Wang Q, Xu D, Chen W. Mechanical Behavior and Healing Efficiency of Microcapsule-Based Cemented Coral Sand under Various Water Environments. Materials. 2021; 14(19):5571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195571
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Yue, Qiankun Wang, Dongsheng Xu, and Wei Chen. 2021. "Mechanical Behavior and Healing Efficiency of Microcapsule-Based Cemented Coral Sand under Various Water Environments" Materials 14, no. 19: 5571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195571