Novel Nano-Precursor Inhibiting Material for Improving Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: Evaluation and Mechanism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Specimen Preparation
2.2.2. The Compressive Strength Test
2.2.3. Isothermal Calorimetry
2.2.4. Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)
- P is the pressure of mercury intrusion (N/m2),
- d is the test pore diameter (m),
- γ is the surface tension of mercury (N/m2), and
- θ is the contact angle between the mercury and the cement paste.
2.2.5. Scanning Electron Microscope
2.2.6. Durability Test
- Dnssm is non-steady-state migration coefficient (×10−12 m2/s);
- T is the mean value of the initial and final temperatures in the test anolyte solution (°C);
- L is the thickness of the test concrete specimen (mm);
- U is the absolute value of the applied voltage (V);
- t is the test duration time (h); and
- xd is the average value of the chloride penetration depths (mm).
2.2.7. Contact Angle Test
3. Results
3.1. Isothermal Calorimetry
3.2. Compressive Strength
3.3. Water Absorption Ratio
3.4. Resistance to Chloride Penetration
- Cx is the chloride content measured at a certain average depth x and exposure time t (% by mass of immersed concrete);
- Cs is the calculated chloride concentration at the exposed surface (% by mass of concrete);
- Ci is the initial chloride content of plain concrete (% by mass of concrete);
- x is the depth below the top exposed surface to the mid-point of the grounding layer (m);
- Dnss is the non-steady state chloride diffusion coefficient (m2/s); and
- t is the exposure time (s).
4. Discussion
4.1. Pore Structures
4.2. Contact Angle
4.3. Morphology of Cement Paste
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The NPI caused a reduction in the strength of concrete, but the strength reduction was minor at a later age. The NPI increased the total porosity and entrained big capillary pores in cement pastes, and the alkane chain resulted in a weaker ITZ in concrete. These reasons led to a decline in the compressive strength of the concrete samples.
- (2)
- The incorporation of the NPI significantly decreased water absorption and slowed down the speed of water sorptivity in concrete. The NPI also decreased the charge passed and the chloride migration coefficient of concrete. It is worth noting that the NPI effectively decreased the chloride diffusion coefficient and the chloride content at a depth lower than 5 mm and the surface chloride concentration of concrete.
- (3)
- The improvement in the transport properties of concrete was due to the incorporation with the NPI, which resulted in a gradual ascent of the contact angle from 17.8° to 85.8° when the dosage of the NPI was increased from 0% to 1.2%, and the surfaces of cement paste became less hydrophilic. Moreover, the NPI also changed the pore size distribution of hardened cement paste.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxide | Cement | Fly Ash | Slag |
---|---|---|---|
CaO | 61.75 | 7.40 | 41.5 |
SiO2 | 20.64 | 43.9 | 32.2 |
Al2O3 | 4.62 | 34.8 | 14.6 |
Fe2O3 | 2.82 | 6.13 | 0.96 |
K2O | 0.48 | 1.09 | 0.57 |
MgO | 2.06 | 0.65 | 6.37 |
Na2O | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.30 |
SO3 | 1.20 | 2.00 | 2.12 |
TiO2 | 0.29 | 1.51 | 0.61 |
Sample | Cement | Slag | Fly Ash | Water | Sand | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate | NPI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40S | 269.5 | 147 | 73.5 | 196 | 703 | 405 | 607 | 0 |
40SNPI-0.6% | 269.5 | 147 | 73.5 | 180 | 703 | 405 | 607 | 16 |
40SNPI-0.9% | 269.5 | 147 | 73.5 | 172 | 703 | 405 | 607 | 25 |
40SNPI-1.2% | 269.5 | 147 | 73.5 | 163 | 703 | 405 | 607 | 33 |
Mark | CS | Dnss (10−12 m2/s) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|
40S | 0.88 | 4.96 | 0.97 |
40SNPI-0.6% | 0.76 | 4.18 | 0.99 |
40SNPI-0.9% | 0.83 | 3.29 | 0.99 |
40SNPI-1.2% | 0.63 | 4.63 | 0.97 |
Mark | Porosity (%) | Mean Pore Size (nm) |
---|---|---|
40S | 24.7 | 16.1 |
40SNPI-0.6% | 31.7 | 20.0 |
40SNPI-0.9% | 24.5 | 15.2 |
40SNPI-1.2% | 24.9 | 17.2 |
Sample No. | Contact Angle (°), T = 5 s | Contact Angle (°), T = 30 s |
---|---|---|
40S | 17.8 ± 1.2 | 9.8 ± 0.15 |
40SNPI-0.6% | 19.2 ± 0.7 | 17.3 ± 0.4 |
40SNPI-0.9% | 39.3 ± 2.2 | 34.3 ± 4.6 |
40SNPI-1.2% | 85.8 ± 2.2 | 78.2 ± 0.9 |
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Chen, R.; Mu, S.; Liu, J.; Cai, J.; Xie, D.; Liu, G.; Guo, Z. Novel Nano-Precursor Inhibiting Material for Improving Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: Evaluation and Mechanism. Materials 2021, 14, 5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14205929
Chen R, Mu S, Liu J, Cai J, Xie D, Liu G, Guo Z. Novel Nano-Precursor Inhibiting Material for Improving Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: Evaluation and Mechanism. Materials. 2021; 14(20):5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14205929
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Ruixing, Song Mu, Jiaping Liu, Jingshun Cai, Deqing Xie, Guangyan Liu, and Zheng Guo. 2021. "Novel Nano-Precursor Inhibiting Material for Improving Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: Evaluation and Mechanism" Materials 14, no. 20: 5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14205929
APA StyleChen, R., Mu, S., Liu, J., Cai, J., Xie, D., Liu, G., & Guo, Z. (2021). Novel Nano-Precursor Inhibiting Material for Improving Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: Evaluation and Mechanism. Materials, 14(20), 5929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14205929