Investigation of Micromechanical Properties and Tribological Behavior of WE43 Magnesium Alloy after Deep Cryogenic Treatment Combined with Precipitation Hardening
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Load—Fn: 10 (N)
- Friction distance radius—r: 7 (mm)
- Linear velocity—v: 0.15 (m/s)
- Distance—s: 100 (m)
- Ambient temperature: 21 ± 1 (°C)
- Air humidity: 40% ± 5 (%)
3. Research Results and Discussion
3.1. Micromechanical Tests
3.2. Sliding Wear Tests on WE43 Magnesium Alloy
3.3. Determination of Wear Micromechanisms of WE43 Alloy in Rotary Motion
4. Conclusions
- Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) combined with precipitation hardening by changing the structure effectively improves the micromechanical and tribological properties of alloy WE43. Among others, a more than 15% increase in hardness HIT and Young’s modulus EIT, as well as a change in parameters such as maximum indenter penetration depth, surface area and indent volume were demonstrated. The lowest values of total indentation work Wtot were observed with an about 14% share of elastic deformation work ηIT.
- As the maximum indenter load Fmax increased, a considerable decrease in the micromechanical properties (HIT, EIT) was observed, which indicates a strong effect of the increase in the surface area of the indents made on the WE43 magnesium alloy on the values measured by means of microindentation. The measurements showed a small scatter of results, 3% on average, and dependence of the tested quantities on the applied heat treatment was preserved for all loads.
- The tribological tests and the parameters tested, such as: volumetric wear Vw, linear wear Lw and stabilized friction coefficient μmean, indicate a twofold improvement in wear resistance of WE43 magnesium alloy subjected to deep cryogenic treatment in combination with precipitation hardening, compared to the alloy in the as-delivered condition.
- Profilometric studies, microscopic observation and microanalysis of the chemical composition (EDS) showed that the proposed treatment (DCT + precipitation hardening) is effective in reducing the area (depth and width) of the wear traces of the magnesium-rare earth alloy and reduces the cutting process as well as the adhesion of alloy material to counter-specimens, i.e., ZrO2 balls, The heat treatment applied and the friction process itself have no significant effect on the change in alloy composition.
- The examination of the morphology of the wear traces allows for the conclusion that abrasive wear was the main wear mechanism of the WE43 alloy. The SEM images showed phenomena characteristic of this wear mechanism, such as microploughing, microcutting and adhesion.
- Further research is being conducted to understand the exact mechanism affecting the improvement of properties of magnesium alloys with rare earth metals under deep cryogenic treatment. The combination of deep cryogenic treatment and precipitation hardening is an effective method to improve the service life of WE43 magnesium alloy.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Content of Components, wt.-% | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y | Nd | Zr | Zn | Mn | Cu | RE | Mg |
4.0 | 2.3 | 0.49 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 3.0 | residue |
Sample | Heat Treatment Applied | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Solution Treatment | Deep Cryogenic Treatment | Aging | Deep Cryogenic Treatment | |
WE43 in initial state | - | - | - | - |
WE43–DCT | - | −196 °C/24 h | - | - |
WE43–S + DCT | 545 °C/8 h | −196 °C/24 h | - | - |
WE43–S + A | 545 °C/8 h | - | 250 °C/24 h | - |
WE43–S + DCT + A + DCT | 545 °C/8 h | −196 °C/24 h | 250 °C/24 h | −196 °C/24 h |
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Barylski, A.; Aniołek, K.; Dercz, G.; Kowalewski, P.; Kaptacz, S.; Rak, J.; Kupka, M. Investigation of Micromechanical Properties and Tribological Behavior of WE43 Magnesium Alloy after Deep Cryogenic Treatment Combined with Precipitation Hardening. Materials 2021, 14, 7343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237343
Barylski A, Aniołek K, Dercz G, Kowalewski P, Kaptacz S, Rak J, Kupka M. Investigation of Micromechanical Properties and Tribological Behavior of WE43 Magnesium Alloy after Deep Cryogenic Treatment Combined with Precipitation Hardening. Materials. 2021; 14(23):7343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237343
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarylski, Adrian, Krzysztof Aniołek, Grzegorz Dercz, Piotr Kowalewski, Sławomir Kaptacz, Jan Rak, and Marian Kupka. 2021. "Investigation of Micromechanical Properties and Tribological Behavior of WE43 Magnesium Alloy after Deep Cryogenic Treatment Combined with Precipitation Hardening" Materials 14, no. 23: 7343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237343