Water Influence on the Uniaxial Tensile Behavior of Polytetrafluoroethylene-Coated Glass Fiber Fabric
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. General
1.2. Water Seepage in Architectural Coated Membrane Fabric
1.3. Stress–Strain Behavior of Glass-PTFE Fabrics
1.4. Overview on Water Impact on Glass-PTFE Fabrics
2. Experimental Investigations
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.1.1. General
2.1.2. Materials
2.1.3. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Watering—Assessment of Temporary Changes
3.2. In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Watering—Assessment of Permanent Changes
3.3. Comparison of In-Plane and out of Plane Watering
3.4. Assessing the Penetration of Water through the Coating
3.5. Strength Reduction Factor for Consideration of the Deterioration Effect by Humidity
4. Conclusions
- A general trend of a decrease in the tensile strength was dominant for glass-PTFE fabrics that come in contact with water.
- The decrease in the tensile strength appeared to happen fast within the first 24 h of watering; a longer exposure to water had only a marginal further influence.
- It was proven that water can attack the glass fibers not only via in-plane watering at unsealed cut edges, but also in almost the same tensile strength-damaging magnitude via out-of-plane watering through the coating. This was found for all investigated types of glass-PTFE fabrics. Water penetration caused by insufficient intrinsic protective functionality of the multilayer coating under application conditions seems likely.
- With a few exceptions, partial tensile strength recovery was observed by drying cycles.
- Changes in the stress-strain curve characteristic could only be observed beyond the yarn decrimping region, usually in form of loss of stiffness, but some exceptions also indicated a slight increase in the stiffness.
- It is highly recommended to consider the decrease in the tensile strength due to water impact in the design of membrane structures made of glass-PTFE fabrics. Water in its different forms (air humidity, condensation, rainwater, melting snow) is always present in the environment and thus, a strength decrease can occur in all design situations. The decrease of the strength can be considered by a general, so-called strength modification factor khum, which acts as a strength reduction factor and was determined as maximum khum = 1.25. The observed recovering effect due to drying should not be considered because of implementing conservative approaches in structural design. This value was significantly higher than the proposed value in the current draft standard prCEN/TS 19102:2020-10.
- Furthermore, a change in the stiffness resulting from water seepage was observed in the range of approximately −20.8% and +3.0%. This should be considered in the design process as well.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of Layer | Feature | Function |
---|---|---|
E-glass fiber |
| Load-carrying elements that provide:
|
Finish layer as deposited solids on the glass fiber |
|
|
Primer, silicon | ||
Unfilled PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene ethylene) coating |
|
|
Glass-filled PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene ethylene) coating |
| |
Top coating |
|
Researcher | Test Procedure | Results/Conclusions |
---|---|---|
Ansell et al. [4] |
|
|
Toyoda et al. [39] |
|
|
Asadi et al. [40] |
|
|
Sample | Number of Batches | Yarn | Total Weight 2 [g/m2] | Thickness 3 [mm] | Weave | Yarn Density 4 Warp/Fill [dtex] | Yarn Count Warp/Fill 5 [cm−1] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glass-PTFE type II (III) 1 | Two | E-glass fiber 6 | 1291 | 0.73 | Plain 1/1 | 1360/1360 | 13/11 |
Glass-PTFE type III | Two | 1153 | 0.66 | 2040/2040 | 11/13 | ||
Glass-PTFE type IV | Five | 1641 | 0.94 | 4080/4080 | 8/10 |
Watering Hours | Residual Tensile Strength [%] | |
---|---|---|
Warp | Weft | |
24 | 82.8 to 99.0 | 80.0 to 98.5 |
48 | 86.1 to 94.1 | 83.8 to 94.9 |
72 | 83.4 to 94.7 | 81.0 to 93.3 |
144 | 81.5 to 94.9 | 77.7 to 96.7 |
720 | 81.8 to 93.8 | 83.4 to 94.7 |
Watering Hours | Tensile Strength Recoveries [%] | Permanent Residual Tensile Strength [%] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Warp | Weft | Warp | Weft | |
24 | +7.7 | +9.0 | 92.2 | 91.3 |
48 | +3.8 | +1.0 | 92.6 | 89.9 |
72 | −6.7 | −0.7 | 86.9 | 85.6 |
144 | +1.3 | +4.6 | 92.5 | 93.6 |
Water Seepage Mechanisms | Magnitude of Residual Tensile Strength [%] | |
---|---|---|
Warp | Weft | |
In-plane + out-of-plane (two surfaces) | 81.5 to 96.7 | 77.7 to 96.7 |
In-plane + out-of-plane (two surfaces) without surfactant | 83.3 to 90.8 | 81.3 to 89.9 |
Out-of-plane (one surface) | 83.1 to 95.3 | 86.0 to 89.6 |
Out-of-plane (two surfaces) | 83.8 to 99.4 | 80.9 to 97.5 |
Out-of-plane (two surfaces) without surfactant wetting | 84.3 to 92.1 | 85.2 to 93.8 |
Glass-PTFE Type II Warp/Weft | Glass-PTFE Type III Warp/Weft | Glass-PTFE Type IV Warp/Weft |
---|---|---|
1.20/1.25 | 1.12/1.15 | 1.25/1.20 |
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Asadi, H.; Uhlemann, J.; Stranghoener, N.; Ulbricht, M. Water Influence on the Uniaxial Tensile Behavior of Polytetrafluoroethylene-Coated Glass Fiber Fabric. Materials 2021, 14, 846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040846
Asadi H, Uhlemann J, Stranghoener N, Ulbricht M. Water Influence on the Uniaxial Tensile Behavior of Polytetrafluoroethylene-Coated Glass Fiber Fabric. Materials. 2021; 14(4):846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040846
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsadi, Hastia, Joerg Uhlemann, Natalie Stranghoener, and Mathias Ulbricht. 2021. "Water Influence on the Uniaxial Tensile Behavior of Polytetrafluoroethylene-Coated Glass Fiber Fabric" Materials 14, no. 4: 846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040846