Effect of Fibre Orientation on the Quasi-Static Axial Crushing Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride Composite Tubes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Geometry
2.2. Manufacturing Process
2.3. Test Setup
2.4. Crashworthiness Performance Indicators
2.4.1. Initial Peak Force
2.4.2. Energy Absorption and Specific Energy Absorption
2.4.3. Mean Crushing Force
2.4.4. Crush Force Efficiency
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Failure Modes
3.1.1. Mode I
3.1.2. Mode II
3.1.3. Mode III
3.2. Load–Displacement and Visual Observation
3.2.1. PVC Tube on its Own
3.2.2. GFRP/PVC tube with 45° Fibre Orientation
3.2.3. GFRP/PVC Tube with 55° Fibre Orientation
3.2.4. GFRP/PVC tube with 65° Fibre Orientation
3.2.5. GFRP/PVC tube with 90° Fibre Orientation
3.3. Effect of GFRP Reinforcement and Fibre Orientation
3.3.1. Effect on Load-Bearing Behaviour
3.3.2. Effect on Energy Absorption Capability
3.3.3. Effect on Crush Force Ffficiency
3.4. Fibre Orientation with the Best Performance
3.5. Cost-Effectiveness of GFRP Composite Tubes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constituent Property | E-Glass | Epoxy | PVC |
---|---|---|---|
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | 76.00 | 3.200 | 2.414 |
Poisson’s Ratio | 0.200 | 0.300 | 0.410 |
Shear Modulus (GPa) | 31.00 | 1.100 | 1.000 |
Tensile Strength (MPa) | 2410 | 69.00 | 40.69 |
Compressive Strength (MPa) | 1750 | 120.0 | 55.17 |
Laminate Configuration | Winding Speed (m·min−1) | Feed (m·min−1) | Spindle Speed (RPM) |
---|---|---|---|
Hoop Winding (90)8 | 7.8 | 9.56 | 27 |
Helical Winding (65/−65)4 | 25 | 9.92 | 27 |
Helical Winding (55/−55)4 | 25 | 10.2 | 27 |
Helical Winding (45/−45)4 | 25 | 10.6 | 27 |
Specimen Configuration | Mass (kg) | Initial Peak Failure (kN) | Pre-Crush Energy (kJ kg−1) | Post-Crush Energy (kJ kg−1) | Densification Energy (kJ kg−1) | CFE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVC | 0.038 ± 0.001 | 15.14 ± 0.33 | 0.609 ± 0.044 | 7.37 ± 0.85 | 0 | 0.2903 ± 0.0116 |
GFRP/PVC@45° | 0.098 ± 0.001 | 41.11 ± 3.11 | 1.181 ± 0.195 | 15.29 ± 1.68 | 5.83 ± 0.17 | 0.6607 ± 0.0335 |
GFRP/PVC@55° | 0.129 ± 0.001 | 43.21 ± 0.29 | 0.460 ± 0.190 | 9.23 ± 2.41 | 12.19 ± 2.96 | 0.5017 ± 0.0896 |
GFRP/PVC@65° | 0.142 ± 0.001 | 46.62 ± 3.34 | 0.615 ± 0.121 | 12.50 ± 1.37 | 14.16 ± 2.67 | 0.6569 ± 0.0531 |
GFRP/PVC@90° | 0.143 ± 0.001 | 58.51 ± 0.64 | 0.852 ± 0.130 | 14.20 ± 1.45 | 14.40 ± 0.48 | 0.6838 ± 0.0631 |
Reference | Fibre | Matrix | Inner Tube Material | SEA (kJ kg−1) | Cost ($ kg−1) | SEA/Cost (kJ $−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current | E-glass | Epoxy | PVC | 16.47 | 2.97 | 5.545 |
[35] | E-glass | Epoxy | Aluminium | 21.60 | 3.04 | 7.105 |
[36] | Carbon | Epoxy | Aluminium | 26.87 | 42.74 | 0.629 |
[37] | Carbon | Epoxy | Aluminium | 45.96 | 65.96 | 0.697 |
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Khan, R.A.; Mahdi, E.; Cabibihan, J.-J. Effect of Fibre Orientation on the Quasi-Static Axial Crushing Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride Composite Tubes. Materials 2021, 14, 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092235
Khan RA, Mahdi E, Cabibihan J-J. Effect of Fibre Orientation on the Quasi-Static Axial Crushing Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride Composite Tubes. Materials. 2021; 14(9):2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092235
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Rahib A., Elsadig Mahdi, and John-John Cabibihan. 2021. "Effect of Fibre Orientation on the Quasi-Static Axial Crushing Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride Composite Tubes" Materials 14, no. 9: 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092235