Effect of Hydrogen on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Steel and Inconel 718 Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Results of Mechanical Tests
3.1.1. Tensile Test Results for 316L Steel Specimens
3.1.2. Tensile Test Results for Inconel 718 Alloy Specimens
3.2. Results of Hydrogen Permeability Studies
Material | D0, m2/s | ED, kJ/mol | P0, mol/ (m⋅s⋅Pa1/2) | EP, kJ/mol | S0, mol/ (m3⋅Pa1/2) | HS, kJ/mol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
316L steel | 3.42 × 10−7 | 48.0 | 7.8 × 10−7 | 68.66 | 2.28 | 20.64 |
Inconel 718 | 1.66 × 10−7 | 41.9 | 1.4 × 10−7 | 61.33 | 0.84 | 19.47 |
12X18H10T steel [28] | 8.60 × 10−7 | 50.2 | 5.48 × 10−6 | 72.5 | - | 15.90 |
12X18H10T steel [29] | 3.40 × 10−8 | 29.6 | 4.5 × 10−7 | 71.4 | - | - |
316L-IG steel [30] (for deuterium) | 5.90 × 10−7 | 55.0 | 0.3 × 10−6 | 66.0 | 0.50 | 11.0 |
316L steel [31] | 2.99 × 10−6 | 59.7 | 7.7 × 10−7 | 66.6 | 0.26 | 6.88 |
3.3. Results of Metallographic Studies
4. Conclusions
- At room temperature in a hydrogen environment, the mechanical properties of 316L steel processed by SLM exceed those of steel produced conventionally. In particular, the ultimate tensile strength and yield stress were 690 and 570 MPa respectively. The hydrogen effect leads to a slight decrease in the strength of SLM 316L steel by 5%, which is comparable to a strength decrease in similar steels manufactured using conventional technology.
- Hydrogen exposure does not have a significant effect on the strength of SLM-processed Inconel 718 alloy. However, the fracture behavior of SLM specimens shows the high sensitivity to stress concentrators in hydrogen. Ultimate tensile strength and yield stress for SLM Inconel 718 (as-built) were 940 and 790 MPa respectively in a hydrogen environment.
- The kinetic parameters of hydrogen permeability for SLM 316L steel and Inconel 718 alloy specimens were comparable to those of 12X18H10T and 316L steel specimens produced conventionally. Small differences in the activation energies of diffusion and hydrogen dissolution, caused by the SLM process, did not significantly affect the processes of hydrogen transfer in the researched materials.
- The obtained results confirm that SLM can be successfully used to produce parts for operation in hydrogen environments at high pressure at room temperature.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Fe | Ni | Cr | Mo | Nb | Mn | Ti | Al | Si | C | S | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
316L steel | Bal. | 14 | 17.0 | 2.8 | - | 1.5 | 0.25 | - | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Inconel 718 | 19 | Bal. | 19.9 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Parameter | 316L | Inconel 718 |
---|---|---|
Layer thickness, μm | 30 | 30 |
Laser power, W | 80 | 100 |
Exposure time, µs | 80 | 100 |
Point distance, µm | 50 | 30 |
Laser beam diameter, µm | 90 | 100 |
Hatch spacing, µm | 120 | 150 |
Angle rotation of scanning direction | 90° | 90° |
Substrate preheating temperature | 200 °C | |
Protective environment | Argon (99.998 wt. %) |
Material | Environment | σB | σ0.2 | δ5 | ψ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MPa | % | ||||
316L steel (this work) | He (80 MPa) | 730 | 600 | 41 | 59 |
H2 (80 MPa) | 690 | 570 | 37 | 46 | |
Parameter β | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.78 | |
Tensile test results for similar steel specimens processed by conventional manufacturing methods [23,24] | |||||
1.4404 steel (Ø 12 mm bar) | He (70 MPa) | 590 | 265 | 63 | 85 |
H2 (70 MPa) | 570 | 260 | 45 | 43 | |
Parameter β | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.71 | 0.51 | |
1.4404 steel (12 mm sheet) | He (70 MPa) | 650 | 375 | 54 | 83 |
H2 (70 MPa) | 620 | 345 | 41 | 46 | |
Parameter β | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 0.55 |
Environment | σB | σ0.2 | δ | ψ |
---|---|---|---|---|
MPa | % | |||
He | 1040 | 780 | 19.5 | 29 |
H2 | 940 | 790 | - | - |
Parameter β | 0.90 | 1.01 | - | - |
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Maksimkin, I.P.; Yukhimchuk, A.A.; Malkov, I.L.; Boitsov, I.E.; Musyaev, R.K.; Buchirin, A.V.; Baluev, V.V.; Vertei, A.V.; Shevnin, E.V.; Shotin, S.V.; et al. Effect of Hydrogen on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Steel and Inconel 718 Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting. Materials 2022, 15, 4806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144806
Maksimkin IP, Yukhimchuk AA, Malkov IL, Boitsov IE, Musyaev RK, Buchirin AV, Baluev VV, Vertei AV, Shevnin EV, Shotin SV, et al. Effect of Hydrogen on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Steel and Inconel 718 Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting. Materials. 2022; 15(14):4806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144806
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaksimkin, Igor P., Arkadiy A. Yukhimchuk, Igor L. Malkov, Igor E. Boitsov, Rafael K. Musyaev, Aleksey V. Buchirin, Victor V. Baluev, Anton V. Vertei, Evgeniy V. Shevnin, Sergey V. Shotin, and et al. 2022. "Effect of Hydrogen on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Steel and Inconel 718 Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting" Materials 15, no. 14: 4806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144806