Incorporation of Mixing Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) with Pretreatment Procedure for Road Soil Subgrade Stabilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil
2.2. Bacteria Culture for MICP
2.3. Cementation Solution and Water
2.4. Sample Preparation
2.4.1. Soil Pretreatment
2.4.2. Specimen Preparation and Curing
2.5. Test Method
2.5.1. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
2.5.2. Undrained–Unconsolidated (UU) Triaxial Test
2.5.3. Content and Distribution of CaCO3
2.5.4. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.5.5. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM)
2.5.6. Mercury Injection Apparatus (MIA)
2.6. Orthogonal Experiment Design
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Orthogonal Experiment Results
3.2. Stress-Strain Characteristics of PMMRS in UCS Test
3.3. UU Test
3.4. CaCO3 Distribution Characteristics
3.5. Curing Time
3.6. XRD Test
3.7. FESEM Test
3.8. MIA Test
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The orthogonal experiment results determined the optimum parameters for preparing PMMRS, i.e., moisture content of 9%, the concentration of CaCl2 3.0 mol/L, and the concentration ratio of CaCl2 to urea 1:1. The moisture content and the concentration of CaCl2 showed the significant effect on the UCS of PMMRS. In contrast, the effect of the concentration ratio of CaCl2 to urea was relatively low.
- (2)
- The pretreatment procedure could significantly improve the reinforcement effect of mixing MICP method on the CLS. Compared to the pure CLS and SMMRS specimen, the UCS of PMMRS specimen was increased by 198% and 78%, respectively. The reinforcement effect could be attributed to improvement of cohesion of the soil. Moreover, the mineralization reaction would affect the pore structure of the soil, which was highly related to the reinforcement effect of MICP reinforced soil.
- (3)
- After 3 days of curing, the UCS growth rate of the specimens increased rapidly to 85% of the specimens cured for 28 days. Therefore, 3 days was recommended as the curing time for PMMRS specimen before performing the test.
- (4)
- The CaCO3 distribution inside the specimen was not even no matter the lateral or vertical direction. The CCC of edge part was the greatest in the lateral direction while it decreased from the top to the bottom in the vertical direction. The reason might be attributed to the effect of oxygen on the mineralized bacteria. However, the strength of PMMRS was not monotonously positively related to the CCC with the increment of the CaCl2 concentration.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indexes | Results | Indexes | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Classification | Clayey Sand (CLS) | Clay | 2.20% |
Liquid limit | 46.52% | Silt | 7.00% |
Plastic limit | 25.61% | Sand | 86.20% |
Plastic index | 20.91 | d10 | 0.0054 mm |
Specific gravity | 2.71 | d30 | 0.0209 mm |
Maximum dry density | 2.09 g/cm3 | d60 | 0.9801 mm |
Optimum moisture content | 9.2% | Cu | 181.3474 |
pH | 6.87 | Cs | 0.0821 |
Group Number | Moisture Content (%) | Concentration of CaCl2 (mol/L) | Ratio of CaCl2 to Urea | Empty Column | Empty Column | Empty Column |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | (1) 13% | (1) 2.0 | (1) 1:2 | (1) - | (1) - | (1) - |
2 | (1) 13% | (2) 4.0 | (3) 2:1 | (4) - | (5) - | (2) - |
3 | (1) 13% | (3) 3.0 | (5) 1:3 | (2) - | (4) - | (3) - |
4 | (1) 13% | (4) 5.0 | (2) 1:1 | (5) - | (3) - | (4) - |
5 | (1) 13% | (5) 1.0 | (4) 3:1 | (3) - | (2) - | (5) - |
6 | (2) 10% | (1) 2.0 | (5) 2:1 | (4) - | (3) - | (5) - |
7 | (2) 10% | (2) 4.0 | (2) 1:3 | (2) - | (2) - | (1) - |
8 | (2) 10% | (3) 3.0 | (4) 1:1 | (5) - | (1) - | (2) - |
9 | (2) 10% | (4) 5.0 | (1) 3:1 | (3) - | (5) - | (3) - |
10 | (2) 10% | (5) 1.0 | (3) 1:2 | (1) - | (4) - | (4) - |
11 | (3) 11% | (1) 2.0 | (4) 1:3 | (2) - | (5) - | (4) - |
12 | (3) 11% | (2) 4.0 | (1) 1:1 | (5) - | (4) - | (5) - |
13 | (3) 11% | (3) 3.0 | (3) 3:1 | (3) - | (3) - | (1) - |
14 | (3) 11% | (4) 5.0 | (5) 1:2 | (1) - | (2) - | (2) - |
15 | (3) 11% | (5) 1.0 | (2) 2:1 | (4) - | (1) - | (3) - |
16 | (4) 9% | (1) 2.0 | (3) 1:1 | (5) - | (2) - | (3) - |
17 | (4) 9% | (2) 4.0 | (5) 3:1 | (3) - | (1) - | (4) - |
18 | (4) 9% | (3) 3.0 | (2) 1:2 | (1) - | (5) - | (5) - |
19 | (4) 9% | (4) 5.0 | (4) 2:1 | (4) - | (4) - | (1) - |
20 | (4) 9% | (5) 1.0 | (1) 1:3 | (2) - | (3) - | (2) - |
21 | (5) 12% | (1) 2.0 | (2) 3:1 | (3) - | (4) - | (2) - |
22 | (5) 12% | (2)4.0 | (4) 1:2 | (1) - | (3) - | (3) - |
23 | (5) 12% | (3) 3.0 | (1) 2:1 | (4) - | (2) - | (4) - |
24 | (5) 12% | (4) 5.0 | (3) 1:3 | (2) - | (1) - | (5) - |
25 | (5) 12% | (5) 1.0 | (5) 1:1 | (5) - | (5) - | (1) - |
Group Number | Average UCS (MPa) | Group Number | Average UCS (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.43 | 14 | 5.92 |
2 | 5.22 | 15 | 2.46 |
3 | 6.02 | 16 | 8.89 |
4 | 9.31 | 17 | 12.14 |
5 | 4.32 | 18 | 12.92 |
6 | 5.43 | 19 | 9.42 |
7 | 8.62 | 20 | 7.65 |
8 | 9.88 | 21 | 4.90 |
9 | 6.56 | 22 | 6.04 |
10 | 4.32 | 23 | 10.20 |
11 | 5.15 | 24 | 3.25 |
12 | 8.11 | 25 | 4.06 |
13 | 6.97 |
Group Number | Moisture Content | Concentration of CaCl2(mol/L) | Ratio of CaCl2 to Urea |
---|---|---|---|
K1 | (13%) 28.30 | (2.0) 27.80 | (1:2) 35.95 |
K2 | (10%) 34.81 | (4.0) 40.13 | (1:1) 38.21 |
K3 | (11%) 28.61 | (3.0) 45.99 | (2:1) 28.65 |
K4 | (9%) 51.02 | (5.0) 34.46 | (3:1) 34.81 |
K5 | (12%) 28.45 | (1.0) 22.81 | (1:3) 33.57 |
R | 22.72 | 23.18 | 9.56 |
Source of Variation | Sum of Squares of Separation | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture content | 76.48 | 4 | 19.12 | 7.65 (*) |
Concentration of CaCl2 | 68.98 | 4 | 17.25 | 6.90 (*) |
Ratio of CaCl2 to urea | 10.14 | 4 | 2.54 | 1.01 |
Errors | 29.99 | 12 | 2.50 |
Direction | Lateral | ||
---|---|---|---|
Location | Edge | Middle | |
Vertical | Upside | 1 | 2 |
Middle | 4 | 5 | |
Downside | 7 | 8 |
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Hu, X.; Fu, X.; Pan, P.; Lin, L.; Sun, Y. Incorporation of Mixing Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) with Pretreatment Procedure for Road Soil Subgrade Stabilization. Materials 2022, 15, 6529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196529
Hu X, Fu X, Pan P, Lin L, Sun Y. Incorporation of Mixing Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) with Pretreatment Procedure for Road Soil Subgrade Stabilization. Materials. 2022; 15(19):6529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196529
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Xiaodi, Xiongzheng Fu, Pan Pan, Lirong Lin, and Yihan Sun. 2022. "Incorporation of Mixing Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) with Pretreatment Procedure for Road Soil Subgrade Stabilization" Materials 15, no. 19: 6529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196529