Modeling of Electrical Conductivity for Polymer–Carbon Nanofiber Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model Development
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Evaluation of Parameters
3.2. Model Proofing by Experimented Data
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mohammadpour-Haratbar, A.; Mazinani, S.; Sharif, F.; Bazargan, A.M. Improving Nonenzymatic Biosensing Performance of Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers decorated with Ni/Co Particles via Oxidation. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2022, 194, 2542–2564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sagadevan, S.; Shahid, M.M.; Yiqiang, Z.; Oh, W.-C.; Soga, T.; Lett, J.A.; Alshahateet, S.F.; Fatimah, I.; Waqar, A.; Paiman, S. Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for smart optoelectronic applications. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2021, 10, 605–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhat, A.; Budholiya, S.; Raj, S.A.; Sultan, M.T.H.; Hui, D.; Shah, A.U.M.; Safri, S.N.A. Review on nanocomposites based on aerospace applications. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2021, 10, 237–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boraei, S.B.A.; Nourmohammadi, J.; Mahdavi, F.S.; Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y.; Montero, A.F.; Herencia, A.J.S.; Ferrari, B. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly (lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2022, 11, 1901–1910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farzaneh, A.; Rostami, A.; Nazockdast, H. Thermoplastic polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites: Effect of nanoparticle content, shear, and thermal processing. Polym. Compos. 2021, 42, 4804–4813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tajdari, A.; Babaei, A.; Goudarzi, A.; Partovi, R.; Rostami, A. Hybridization as an efficient strategy for enhancing the performance of polymer nanocomposites. Polym. Compos. 2021, 42, 6801–6815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdollahi Boraei, S.B.; Nourmohammadi, J.; Bakhshandeh, B.; Dehghan, M.M.; Gonzalez, Z.; Ferrari, B. The effect of protelos content on the physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of gelatin-based scaffolds. J. Appl. Biotechnol. Rep. 2020, 7, 41–47. [Google Scholar]
- Boraei, S.B.A.; Nourmohammadi, J.; Mahdavi, F.S.; Yus, J.; Ferrandez-Montero, A.; Sanchez-Herencia, A.J.; Gonzalez, Z.; Ferrari, B. Effect of SrR delivery in the biomarkers of bone regeneration during the in vitro degradation of HNT/GN coatings prepared by EPD. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2020, 190, 110944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haghgoo, M.; Ansari, R.; Hassanzadeh-Aghdam, M. Synergic effect of graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes on the electrical resistivity and percolation threshold of polymer hybrid nanocomposites. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2021, 136, 768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. Micromechanics simulation of electrical conductivity for carbon-nanotube-filled polymer system by adjusting Ouali model. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2021, 136, 852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taheri, M.; Ebrahimi, F. Buckling analysis of CFRP plates: A porosity-dependent study considering the GPLs-reinforced interphase between fiber and matrix. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2020, 135, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahdan, D.; Chen, R.S.; Ahmad, S. Optimization of graphene nanoplatelets dispersion and nano-filler loading in bio-based polymer nanocomposites based on tensile and thermogravimetry analysis. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2021, 15, 1284–1299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghasemi, A.R.; Soleymani, M. A new efficient buckling investigation of functionally graded CNT/fiber/polymer/metal composite panels exposed to hydrostatic pressure considering simultaneous manufacturing-induced agglomeration and imperfection issues. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2021, 136, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alshammari, A.H.; Taha, T. Structure, thermal and dielectric insights of PVC/PVP/ZnFe2O4 polymer nanocomposites. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2021, 136, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. Expression of normal stress difference and relaxation modulus for ternary nanocomposites containing biodegradable polymers and carbon nanotubes by storage and loss modulus data. Compos. Part B Eng. 2019, 158, 162–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y. Modeling of tensile modulus in polymer/carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites. Synth. Met. 2015, 202, 68–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Garmabi, H. Nonisothermal crystallization and melting behavior of PP/nanoclay/CaCO3 ternary nanocomposite. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 124, 1225–1233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadpour-Haratbar, A.; Kiaeerad, P.; Mazinani, S.; Bazargan, A.M.; Sharif, F. Bimetallic nickel–cobalt oxide nanoparticle/electrospun carbon nanofiber composites: Preparation and application for supercapacitor electrode. Ceram. Int. 2022, 48, 10015–10023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jyoti, J.; Singh, B.P. A review on 3D graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid polymer nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 2021, 56, 17411–17456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haidyrah, A.S.; Sundaresan, P.; Venkatesh, K.; Ramaraj, S.K.; Thirumalraj, B. Fabrication of functionalized carbon nanofibers/carbon black composite for electrochemical investigation of antibacterial drug nitrofurantoin. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2021, 627, 127112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hosseini, S.M.; Moradi, F.; Farahani, S.K.; Bandehali, S.; Parvizian, F.; Ebrahimi, M.; Shen, J. Carbon nanofibers/chitosan nanocomposite thin film for surface modification of poly (ether sulphone) nanofiltration membrane. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2021, 269, 124720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramezani, H.; Kazemirad, S.; Shokrieh, M.; Mardanshahi, A. Effects of adding carbon nanofibers on the reduction of matrix cracking in laminated composites: Experimental and analytical approaches. Polym. Test. 2021, 94, 106988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samadian, H.; Mobasheri, H.; Azami, M.; Faridi-Majidi, R. Osteoconductive and electroactive carbon nanofibers/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite tailored for bone tissue engineering: In vitro and in vivo studies. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 14853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haghgoo, M.; Ansari, R.; Hassanzadeh-Aghdam, M.K.; Nankali, M. A novel temperature-dependent percolation model for the electrical conductivity and piezoresistive sensitivity of carbon nanotube-filled nanocomposites. Acta Mater. 2022, 230, 117870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strugova, D.; Ferreira Junior, J.C.; David, É.; Demarquette, N.R. Ultra-low percolation threshold induced by thermal treatments in co-continuous blend-based PP/PS/MWCNTS nanocomposites. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadpour-Haratbar, A.; Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. Development of a theoretical model for estimating the electrical conductivity of a polymeric system reinforced with silver nanowires applicable for the biosensing of breast cancer cells. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2022, 18, 4894–4902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taherian, R. Experimental and analytical model for the electrical conductivity of polymer-based nanocomposites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2016, 123, 17–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; He, H.; Tian, G.; Wang, Y.; Gao, J.; Wang, C.; Xu, L.; Zhang, H. Morphology evolution to form double percolation polylactide/polycaprolactone/MWCNTs nanocomposites with ultralow percolation threshold and excellent EMI shielding. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2021, 214, 108956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kazemi, F.; Mohammadpour, Z.; Naghib, S.M.; Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. Percolation onset and electrical conductivity for a multiphase system containing carbon nanotubes and nanoclay. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2021, 15, 1777–1788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.-M.; Kim, D.-S.; Kim, S.-J.; Kim, P.-G.; Yoon, D.-J.; DeVries, K.L. Inherent sensing and interfacial evaluation of carbon nanofiber and nanotube/epoxy composites using electrical resistance measurement and micromechanical technique. Compos. Part B Eng. 2007, 38, 847–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, Y.; Liu, C.; Hu, S.; Yu, X. The experimental exploration of carbon nanofiber and carbon nanotube additives on thermal behavior of phase change materials. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011, 95, 1208–1212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parveen, S.; Rana, S.; Fangueiro, R. A review on nanomaterial dispersion, microstructure, and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube and nanofiber reinforced cementitious composites. J. Nanomater. 2013, 2013, 710175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, C.; Jiang, L. Micromechanics modeling of the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube (CNT)–polymer nanocomposites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2013, 47, 143–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takeda, T.; Shindo, Y.; Kuronuma, Y.; Narita, F. Modeling and characterization of the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube-based polymer composites. Polymer 2011, 52, 3852–3856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, N.; Karube, Y.; Yan, C.; Masuda, Z.; Fukunaga, H. Tunneling effect in a polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposite strain sensor. Acta Mater. 2008, 56, 2929–2936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. A power model to predict the electrical conductivity of CNT reinforced nanocomposites by considering interphase, networks and tunneling condition. Compos. Part B Eng. 2018, 155, 11–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.; Zare, Y.; Garmabi, H.; Rhee, K.Y. Variations of tunneling properties in poly (lactic acid)(PLA)/poly (ethylene oxide)(PEO)/carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites during hydrolytic degradation. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2018, 274, 28–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Razavi, R.; Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. A two-step model for the tunneling conductivity of polymer carbon nanotube nanocomposites assuming the conduction of interphase regions. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 50225–50233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y.; Park, S.-J. A modeling methodology to investigate the effect of interfacial adhesion on the yield strength of MMT reinforced nanocomposites. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2019, 69, 331–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y. Estimation of material and interfacial/interphase properties in clay/polymer nanocomposites by yield strength data. Appl. Clay Sci. 2015, 115, 61–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Garmabi, H. Attempts to Simulate the Modulus of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites and Future Trends. Polym. Rev. 2014, 54, 377–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Garmabi, H. Modeling of interfacial bonding between two nanofillers (montmorillonite and CaCO3) and a polymer matrix (PP) in a ternary polymer nanocomposite. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 321, 219–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Q.; Yu, A.; Lu, G. Multiscale modeling and simulation of polymer nanocomposites. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 33, 191–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boutaleb, S.; Zaïri, F.; Mesbah, A.; Nait-Abdelaziz, M.; Gloaguen, J.-M.; Boukharouba, T.; Lefebvre, J.-M. Micromechanics-based modelling of stiffness and yield stress for silica/polymer nanocomposites. Int. J. Solids Struct. 2009, 46, 1716–1726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharifzadeh, E.; Tohfegar, E.; Safajou Jahankhanemlou, M. The influences of the nanoparticles related parameters on the tensile strength of polymer nanocomposites. Iran. J. Chem. Eng. (IJChE) 2020, 17, 65–78. [Google Scholar]
- Zare, Y. Study on interfacial properties in polymer blend ternary nanocomposites: Role of nanofiller content. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2016, 111, 334–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, W.; Rhim, S.; Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. Effect of “Z” factor for strength of interphase layers on the tensile strength of polymer nanocomposites. Polym. Compos. 2019, 40, 1117–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. Dependence of Z parameter for tensile strength of multi-layered interphase in polymer nanocomposites to material and interphase properties. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2017, 12, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shin, H.; Yang, S.; Choi, J.; Chang, S.; Cho, M. Effect of interphase percolation on mechanical behavior of nanoparticle-reinforced polymer nanocomposite with filler agglomeration: A multiscale approach. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2015, 635, 80–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. Development of Conventional Paul Model for Tensile Modulus of Polymer Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites After Percolation Threshold by Filler Network Density. JOM 2020, 72, 4323–4329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, Y.; Song, S.; Bu, Z.; Gu, X.; Song, G.; Sun, L. Influence of filler waviness and aspect ratio on the percolation threshold of carbon nanomaterials reinforced polymer nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 2013, 48, 5727–5732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, J.; Shin, H.; Yang, S.; Cho, M. The influence of nanoparticle size on the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites and the associated interphase region: A multiscale approach. Compos. Struct. 2015, 119, 365–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, F.; Zheng, Q.-S. An analytical model of effective electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 071902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, N.; Zhang, H.; Luo, X.-D.; Sun, C.-Y. SiO2-decorated graphite felt electrode by silicic acid etching for iron-chromium redox flow battery. Electrochim. Acta 2020, 336, 135646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Tan, Y.; Luo, X.D.; Sun, C.Y.; Chen, N. Polarization Effects of a Rayon and Polyacrylonitrile Based Graphite Felt for Iron-Chromium Redox Flow Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2019, 6, 3175–3188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tibbetts, G.G.; Lake, M.L.; Strong, K.L.; Rice, B.P. A review of the fabrication and properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber/polymer composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2007, 67, 1709–1718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panapoy, M.; Dankeaw, A.; Ksapabutr, B. Electrical conductivity of PAN-based carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning method. Thammasat Int. J. Sc. Tech 2008, 13, 11–17. [Google Scholar]
- Inagaki, M.; Yang, Y.; Kang, F. Carbon nanofibers prepared via electrospinning. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 2547–2566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, P.-W.; Chung, D. Improving the electrical conductivity of composites comprised of short conducting fibers in a nonconducting matrix: The addition of a nonconducting particulate filler. J. Electron. Mater. 1995, 24, 47–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blighe, F.M.; Hernandez, Y.R.; Blau, W.J.; Coleman, J.N. Observation of Percolation-like Scaling-Far from the Percolation Threshold-in High Volume Fraction, High Conductivity Polymer-Nanotube Composite Films. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 4443–4447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sumita, M.; Sakata, K.; Asai, S.; Miyasaka, K.; Nakagawa, H. Dispersion of fillers and the electrical conductivity of polymer blends filled with carbon black. Polym. Bull. 1991, 25, 265–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. A simple methodology to predict the tunneling conductivity of polymer/CNT nanocomposites by the roles of tunneling distance, interphase and CNT waviness. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 34912–34921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kale, S.; Sabet, F.A.; Jasiuk, I.; Ostoja-Starzewski, M. Effect of filler alignment on percolation in polymer nanocomposites using tunneling-percolation model. J. Appl. Phys. 2016, 120, 045105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Li, H.; Liu, P.; Peng, Z. Study on electrical properties and thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube/epoxy resin nanocomposites with different filler aspect ratios. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), Chengdu, China, 19–22 September 2016; pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, J.; Lewin, M.; Pearce, E.; Zammarano, M.; Gilman, J.W. Flame retarding polyamide 6 with melamine cyanurate and layered silicates. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2008, 19, 928–936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Garmabi, H.; Rhee, K.Y. Roles of filler dimensions, interphase thickness, waviness, network fraction, and tunneling distance in tunneling conductivity of polymer CNT nanocomposites. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2018, 206, 243–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crosby, A.J.; Lee, J.Y. Polymer nanocomposites: The “nano” effect on mechanical properties. Polym. Rev. 2007, 47, 217–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tessema, A.; Zhao, D.; Moll, J.; Xu, S.; Yang, R.; Li, C.; Kumar, S.K.; Kidane, A. Effect of filler loading, geometry, dispersion and temperature on thermal conductivity of polymer nanocomposites. Polym. Test. 2017, 57, 101–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mazaheri, M.; Payandehpeyman, J.; Jamasb, S. Modeling of Effective Electrical Conductivity and Percolation Behavior in Conductive-Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Spherical Carbon Black. Appl. Compos. Mater. 2022, 29, 695–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kalaitzidou, K.; Fukushima, H.; Drzal, L.T. A route for polymer nanocomposites with engineered electrical conductivity and percolation threshold. Materials 2010, 3, 1089–1103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tjong, S.C.; Liang, G.; Bao, S. Electrical behavior of polypropylene/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites with low percolation threshold. Scr. Mater. 2007, 57, 461–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sumita, A.; Sakata, K.; Hayakawa, Y.; Asai, S.; Miyasaka, K.; Tanemura, M. Double percolation effect on the electrical conductivity of conductive particles filled polymer blends. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1992, 270, 134–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kirkpatrick, S. Percolation and conduction. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1973, 45, 574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suh, D.; Faseela, K.; Kim, W.; Park, C.; Lim, J.G.; Seo, S.; Kim, M.K.; Moon, H.; Baik, S. Electron tunneling of hierarchically structured silver nanosatellite particles for highly conductive healable nanocomposites. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drozdov, A.D.; de Claville Christiansen, J. Modeling electrical conductivity of polymer nanocomposites with aggregated filler. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2020, 60, 1556–1565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, B.; Evans, J.R. Nominal and effective volume fractions in polymer—Clay nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 1790–1796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. Development of a conventional model to predict the electrical conductivity of polymer/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites by interphase, waviness and contact effects. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2017, 100, 305–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Putz, K.W.; Palmeri, M.J.; Cohn, R.B.; Andrews, R.; Brinson, L.C. Effect of cross-link density on interphase creation in polymer nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 6752–6756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, L.-X.; Tjong, S.-C. Alternating current electrical conductivity of high-density polyethylene-carbon nanofiber composites. Eur. Phys. J. E 2010, 32, 249–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ladani, R.B.; Wu, S.; Kinloch, A.J.; Ghorbani, K.; Zhang, J.; Mouritz, A.P.; Wang, C.H. Improving the toughness and electrical conductivity of epoxy nanocomposites by using aligned carbon nanofibres. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2015, 117, 146–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jimenez, G.A.; Jana, S.C. Electrically conductive polymer nanocomposites of polymethylmethacrylate and carbon nanofibers prepared by chaotic mixing. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2007, 38, 983–993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, L.-X.; Tjong, S.-C. Internal field emission and conductivity relaxation in carbon nanofiber filled polymer system. Synth. Met. 2010, 160, 2085–2088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Khalil Arjmandi, S.; Khademzadeh Yeganeh, J.; Zare, Y.; Rhee, K.Y. Modeling of Electrical Conductivity for Polymer–Carbon Nanofiber Systems. Materials 2022, 15, 7041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197041
Khalil Arjmandi S, Khademzadeh Yeganeh J, Zare Y, Rhee KY. Modeling of Electrical Conductivity for Polymer–Carbon Nanofiber Systems. Materials. 2022; 15(19):7041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197041
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalil Arjmandi, Sajad, Jafar Khademzadeh Yeganeh, Yasser Zare, and Kyong Yop Rhee. 2022. "Modeling of Electrical Conductivity for Polymer–Carbon Nanofiber Systems" Materials 15, no. 19: 7041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197041