Designing Efficient Flash-Calcined Sediment-Based Ecobinders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials, Methods, and Experimental Work
2.1. Materials
2.2. Characterization Techniques
2.3. Mortar Preparation
2.4. Flash Calcination Method
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical Characterization
3.1.1. Granulometry
3.1.2. Physical Properties
3.1.3. TGA and DSC Results
3.2. Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses
3.3. X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
3.4. XRD Analysis of Clays
3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.6. Impact of the Presence of Sediments on Cementitious Matrix
3.7. Mechanical Strength
3.8. Heat of Hydration—Langavant Calorimeter
- = Total heat capacity (J/K);
- = Temperature difference between the reference cell and measuring cell (K);
- = Mass of cement (g);
- = Heat dissipation coefficient (J/(g*K);
- = Time (s).
3.9. Initial Setting Time
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constituent | RM | MRS | MSTFC | MMK80 | MLF80 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement CEM I 52.5 N (g)—5%|10%|15% | 450.0 | 427.5|405|382.5 | |||||||||||
Sediment (g) | --- | 5% | 10% | 15% | 5% | 10% | 15% | --- | --- | ||||
28.6 | 57.2 | 85.8 | 26.8 | 53.5 | 80.3 | ||||||||
Metakaolin (g) | --- | --- | --- | 5% | 10% | 15% | --- | ||||||
25.9 | 51.7 | 77.6 | |||||||||||
Limestone filler (g) | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5% | 10% | 15% | ||||||
26.2 | 52.5 | 78.7 | |||||||||||
Normalized sand (g) | 1350 | 1350 | 1350 | 1350 | 1350 | ||||||||
Water (g) | 225 | 225 | 225 | 225 | 225 |
Materials | Cement (CEM I 52.5 N) | Raw Sediment (RS) | Flash Calcined Sediment (STFC) | Metakaolin (MK80) | Limestone Filler (LF80) | Natural Sand (NS) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (g/cm3) | 3.15 | 2.48 | 2.65 | 2.74 | 2.70 | 2.65 |
Blaine (cm2/g) | 3669 | 10,093 | 4106 | 4820 | 7181 | 4548 |
BET (cm2/g) | 9194 | 86,207 | 59,930 | 94,600 | 9744 | 9507 |
TOC * (%) | --- | 5.76 | 0.99 | --- | --- | --- |
LOI * (%) | 1.90 | 9.92 | 1.70 | --- | --- | --- |
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | SO3 | K2O | TiO2 | Na2O | MgO | P2O5 | MnO | ZnO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 20.0 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 63.5 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
RS | 51.9 | 8.2 | 9.3 | 22.1 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
STFC | 52.8 | 8.0 | 9.3 | 21.6 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Alite (C3S) | Belite (C2S) | Aluminate (C3A) | Ferrite (C4AF) | Anhydrite (CaSO4) | Gypsum (CaSO4, 2H2O) | Lime (CaO) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 63.7 | 16.1 | 4.3 | 9.8 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 1.8 |
Samples | Smectite | Illite | Kaolinite | Chlorite | Interlayered 10- 14S Swellings | Additional Minerals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RS | 32% | 36% | 20% | 12% | --- | Quartz |
STFC | --- | 86% | 5% | --- | 9% | Quartz |
Constituent | RM | MRS | MSTFC | MMK80 | MLF80 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement CEM I 52.5 N (g) | 360.0 | 331.8 | 329.8 | 328.7 | 329.2 |
SCMs (g) | --- | 28.2 | 30.2 | 31.3 | 30.8 |
Normalized sand (g) | 1080.0 | 1080.0 | 1080.0 | 1080.0 | 1080.0 |
Water (g) | 180.0 | 180.0 | 180.0 | 180.0 | 180.0 |
Constituent | RM | MRS | MSTFC |
---|---|---|---|
Cement CEM I 52.5 N (g) | 500.0 | 425.0 | 425.0 |
Calcined sediment (g) | 0 | 75.0 | 75.0 |
Water (g) | 150.0 | 165.0 | 165.0 |
Setting time | 285 min (4 h:45 min) | 321 min (5 h:21 min) | 326 min (5 h:26 min) |
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Amar, M.; Benzerzour, M.; Abriak, N.-E. Designing Efficient Flash-Calcined Sediment-Based Ecobinders. Materials 2022, 15, 7107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207107
Amar M, Benzerzour M, Abriak N-E. Designing Efficient Flash-Calcined Sediment-Based Ecobinders. Materials. 2022; 15(20):7107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207107
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmar, Mouhamadou, Mahfoud Benzerzour, and Nor-Edine Abriak. 2022. "Designing Efficient Flash-Calcined Sediment-Based Ecobinders" Materials 15, no. 20: 7107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207107