Dislocation Mechanism and Grain Refinement of Surface Modification of NV E690 Cladding Layer Induced by Laser Shock Peening
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Material and Specimens
2.2. Laser Cladding and LSP Experiments
2.3. Microstructural Observation
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Analysis of the Microstructure of the Laser Cladding Layer
3.1.1. Phase Analysis by XRD
3.1.2. SEM Analysis of LCR
3.2. TEM Analysis
3.2.1. TEM Image of the Cladding Layer
3.2.2. TEM Image after LSP
3.3. Investigation of the Surface Dislocation Configuration of the NV E690 Cladding Layer Formed by LSP
3.4. Surface Grain Refinement of the NV E690 Cladding Layer by LSP
4. Conclusions
- The laser cladding layer was mainly composed of a ferrite base phase, and it had an equiaxed grain microstructure. Hard precipitates, e.g., SiO2, FeO, Mn5C2, and Fe3C, were dispersed and distributed, and a good metallurgical bond was observed between the cladding layer and the substrate.
- Changes in laser power density had a significant effect on the dislocation configuration on the sample surface of the cladding layer under LSP. When the laser power density was 4.77 GW/cm2, multiple edge dislocations, dislocation dipoles, and extended dislocations were distributed over the cladding layer after LSP. When the laser power density was 7.96 GW/cm2, a geometrical dislocation interface consisting of dislocations, extended dislocations, and vacancies appeared on the surface of the cladding layer, which divided the original large grain into two subgrains with different orientations. When the laser power density was 11.15 GW/cm2, the complete large grains were divided into fine grains by the expansion and intersection of geometric dislocation interfaces on the surface of the sample’s cladding layer.
- During the LSP process of the NV E690 cladding layer, multiple dislocation defects were present in the material, including single-edge dislocations, extended dislocations, and dislocation dipoles. The formation of the dislocation dipoles was closely related to the movement of the screw dislocations with the dislocation jogs. Geometrical dislocation interfaces composed of dislocations, extended dislocations, and vacancies divided the original coarse grains into finer grains until they were divided into fine and uniform nanograins.
- A grain refinement mechanism dominated by dislocation motion in the NV E690 cladding layer after LSP was established, and this mechanism describes the grain refinement process dominated by the dislocation movement. Surface modification of 690 high-strength steel specimens can be achieved through dislocation strengthening and dislocation-induced refined grain strengthening. However, the constraints and the geometric conditions required for the formation of these geometric dislocation interfaces in 690 high-strength steel by LSP will still have to be investigated further.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloy | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | V | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Substrate | 0.15 | 0.50 | 1.52 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.50 | 3.60 | 0.72 | 0.06 | Bal. |
Powder | 0.15 | 0.29 | 1.35 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.06 | Bal. |
Pulse Width (ns) | Laser Power (W) | Diameter of Laser Spot (mm) | Overlap (%) | Powder Feeding Rate (g/min) | Laser Scanning Speed (mm/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 | 1000 | 2 | 62.5 | 6 | 700 |
Area | C | O | Si | Mn | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 2.14 | 0.93 | 0.20 | 0.91 | 95.81 |
B | 1.64 | 0.57 | 0.36 | 1.69 | 95.73 |
C | 10.09 | 41.14 | 8.89 | 24.81 | 15.05 |
D | 23.49 | 0.43 | 0.19 | 1.81 | 74.07 |
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Cao, Y.; Zhu, P.; Yang, Y.; Shi, W.; Qiu, M.; Wang, H.; Xie, P. Dislocation Mechanism and Grain Refinement of Surface Modification of NV E690 Cladding Layer Induced by Laser Shock Peening. Materials 2022, 15, 7254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207254
Cao Y, Zhu P, Yang Y, Shi W, Qiu M, Wang H, Xie P. Dislocation Mechanism and Grain Refinement of Surface Modification of NV E690 Cladding Layer Induced by Laser Shock Peening. Materials. 2022; 15(20):7254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207254
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Yupeng, Pengfei Zhu, Yongfei Yang, Weidong Shi, Ming Qiu, Heng Wang, and Pengpeng Xie. 2022. "Dislocation Mechanism and Grain Refinement of Surface Modification of NV E690 Cladding Layer Induced by Laser Shock Peening" Materials 15, no. 20: 7254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207254