A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Fmoc-Asp-OFm Hydrogels
2.2. Ca2+ Mineralization of Hydrogels with Dibasic Calcium Phosphate and Binding of Phosphate
2.3. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
2.4. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.5. Congo Red Staining (CRS)
2.6. Uniaxial Compression Testing
2.7. Alizarin Red Staining (ARS)
2.8. X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
2.9. Cell Culture Maintenance of MC3T3-E1 and Viability Evaluation
2.10. Cell Adhesion and Morphology
2.11. Osteogenic Response of MC3T3-E1 Pre-Osteoblastic Cells on Fmoc-Asp-OFm Hydrogels
2.11.1. Alkaline Phosphatase Activity (ALP) of Pre-Osteoblasts on Hydrogels
2.11.2. Calcium Concentration Determination
2.11.3. Determination of the Produced Extracellular Collagen by the MC3T3-E1
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Formation and Characterization of Fmoc-Asp-OFm Hydrogels
3.2. Ca2+ Mineralization on Fmoc-Asp-OFm Hydrogels Formed in CaCl2 Solution
3.3. Calcium Phosphate Deposition
3.4. In Vitro Evaluation of Pre-Osteoblastic Cell Adhesion, Viability and Osteogenic Response of Pre-Osteoblastic Cells on Fmoc-Asp-OFm Hydrogels
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Composition and Formation Conditions |
---|---|
Fmoc-Asp-OFm | e.g., Control Fmoc hydrogel 3 mg/mL Fmoc-Asp-OFm dissolved in DMSO and formed in bi-distilled water (2:8) |
Fmoc-Asp-OFm/Ca2+ | 3 mg/mL Fmoc-Asp-OFm dissolved in DMSO and formed in 7 mM calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution |
Fmoc-Asp-OFm/Ca/HPO42− | 3 mg/mL Fmoc-Asp-OFm dissolved in DMSO and formed in 7 mM calcium chloride and 0.6 M dibasic sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) solution |
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Petropoulou, K.; Platania, V.; Chatzinikolaidou, M.; Mitraki, A. A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering. Materials 2022, 15, 8928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248928
Petropoulou K, Platania V, Chatzinikolaidou M, Mitraki A. A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering. Materials. 2022; 15(24):8928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248928
Chicago/Turabian StylePetropoulou, Katerina, Varvara Platania, Maria Chatzinikolaidou, and Anna Mitraki. 2022. "A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering" Materials 15, no. 24: 8928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248928