Eco-Friendly Incorporation of Crumb Rubber and Waste Bagasse Ash in Bituminous Concrete Mix
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Aggregates
2.2. Bitumen
2.3. Crumb Rubber
2.4. Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
2.5. Mix Design for Hot Mix Asphlat (HMA)
3. Results
3.1. Effective Bitumen Content
3.2. Assessment of Mechanical Properties
3.3. Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) for Modified Asphalt Mix
3.4. Marshall Stability and Flow for Modified Asphalt Mix
4. Conclusions
- By increasing the percentage of CR, the stability increased up to 6% and then gradually decreased up to 10% replacement level. The flow values gradually decreased as the percentage of CR increased up to 6% and then a consistent increase was observed up to 10%. Similarly, at 25% SCBA replacement level, maximum stability and minimum flow values were achieved.
- Maximum ITS results were achieved at 4% CR as an additive and 25% SCBA as a filler material in Hot Mix Asphalt. Hence it was concluded that increasing the percentage of SCBA beyond 25% flow values increases but stability decreases.
- The effective dosages of CR and SCBA in asphalt concrete specimens were observed to be 6% and 25% by weight of the total mix and weight of the filler in the mix, respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aggregate Tests | ASTM Standards | Specification Limits | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Specific gravity | ASTM C127 [47] | – | 2.68 |
Los Angeles abrasion (%) | ASTM C131 [48] | <30% | 20.43 |
Impact value (%) | ASTM D 5874-95 [49] | <30% | 15.12 |
Water absorption (%) | ASTM C128 [47] | – | 0.5 |
Flakiness (%) | ASTM D 4791-99 [50] | 10% | 7.45 |
Elongation (%) | ASTM D 4791-99 [50] | 10% | 6.34 |
Bitumen Tests | ASTM Standards | Specification Limits | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Softening Point | ASTM D36-95 [51] | 48–56 °C | 53 °C |
Ductility | ASTM D113-86 [52] | min 100 cm | 109 cm |
Penetration | ASTM D5-97 [53] | 60–70 MM | 66.53 mm |
Flash Point | ASTM D92 [54] | min 232 °C | 279 °C |
Fire Point | ASTM D92 [54] | min 242 °C | 284 °C |
Specific Gravity | ASTM D70 [55] | 1.01–1.06 | 1.04 |
Material | Weight (%) |
---|---|
Rubber Hydrocarbons | 45.2 |
Carbon black | 25.8 |
Acetone Extract | 14.2 |
Isoprene | 12.1 |
Water | 0.8 |
Ash content | 0.9 |
Fiber content | 0.5 |
Metal Content | 0.08 |
Others | 0.42 |
Oxides, wt% | |
---|---|
SiO2 | 66.70 |
Al2O3 | 9.24 |
Fe2O3 | 1.53 |
CaO | 10.07 |
MgO | 4.60 |
MnO | 0.05 |
Na2O | 1.30 |
K2O | 2.51 |
TiO2 | 0.25 |
P2O5 | 1.55 |
LOI | 2.21 |
Mix Designation | NHA Class A | |
---|---|---|
Compacted thickness | 50–80 mm | |
mm | in | Percent Passing by Weight |
25 | 1 | 100 |
19 | 3/4 | 90–100 |
13 | 1/2 | – |
10 | 3/8 | 56–70 |
5 | No. 4 | 35–50 |
2 | No. 8 | 23–35 |
1 | No. 16 | 5–12 |
0 | No. 200 | 2–8 |
Asphalt Content by Weight | ||
Percentage of total mix | 3.5 (Min) |
Description | NHA General Specification, 1998 |
---|---|
Compaction blows | 75 |
Stability (kg) | 1000 (Minimum) |
Flow (0.01 inch) | 8–14 |
VMA | >13 |
VFB | 70–90 |
Parameter | % Bitumen Content |
---|---|
Bitumen content at the highest stability | 4.5% |
Bitumen content at the highest value of bulk specific gravity | 4.5% |
Bitumen content at the median of allowed percentages of air voids | 5.0% |
Effective Bitumen Content (EBC)—Mean Value | 4.7% |
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Ullah, S.; Shah, M.I.; Alqurashi, M.; Javed, M.F.; Dawood, O.; Aslam, F.; Tariq, M.A.U.R.; Hussain, E.E. Eco-Friendly Incorporation of Crumb Rubber and Waste Bagasse Ash in Bituminous Concrete Mix. Materials 2022, 15, 2509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072509
Ullah S, Shah MI, Alqurashi M, Javed MF, Dawood O, Aslam F, Tariq MAUR, Hussain EE. Eco-Friendly Incorporation of Crumb Rubber and Waste Bagasse Ash in Bituminous Concrete Mix. Materials. 2022; 15(7):2509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072509
Chicago/Turabian StyleUllah, Sheraz, Muhammad Izhar Shah, Muwaffaq Alqurashi, Muhammad Faisal Javed, Osama Dawood, Fahid Aslam, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, and Enas E. Hussain. 2022. "Eco-Friendly Incorporation of Crumb Rubber and Waste Bagasse Ash in Bituminous Concrete Mix" Materials 15, no. 7: 2509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072509