Mechanical, Microstructural and Drying Shrinkage Properties of NaOH-Pretreated Crumb Rubber Concrete: RSM-Based Modeling and Optimization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Crumb Rubber (CR)-NaOH Pretreatment
2.3. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Design and Mix Proportion
2.4. Concrete Mixing and Samples Preparation
2.5. Sample Testing
2.5.1. Compressive Strength
2.5.2. Flexural Properties Test
2.5.3. Tensile Properties Test
2.5.4. Shrinkage Measurement
2.5.5. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compressive Strength (CS)
3.2. Flexural Behavior
3.3. Splitting Tensile Strength (TS)
3.4. Shrinkage
3.5. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) Analysis
4. RSM Analyses
4.1. Response Surface Models and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
4.2. Multi-Objective Optimization
4.3. Experimental Validation
5. Conclusions
- It was found that an increase in CR replacement of fine aggregate adversely affects the CS, FS, TS, and S of the NaOH-CRC. However, the rate of strength loss is significantly reduced with NaOH pretreatment. Increases in NaOH pretreatment concentration resulted in a 22%, 44%, and 43% decrease in strength loss for CS, FS, and TS, respectively.
- The pretreatment significantly reduced the shrinkage. A 63% decrease was reported between a mix containing 10% untreated CR and 10% NaOH-CR. This is due to the enhanced reactivity of the CR with NaOH pretreatment, which results in improved interaction and production of cement hydration products and densification of the ITZ.
- The FESESM investigations revealed a significantly reduced ITZ with an increase in the NaOH pretreatment. The pretreatment removed the hydrophobic zinc stearate on the CR surface, converting it to sodium stearate, which was washed off during the pretreatment, making the surface more hydrophilic, allowing for better bonding with cement paste and other cement hydration products.
- Response surface-based models were developed and validated using ANOVA. The models were assessed to be strong for having R2 values of 0.9709, 0.7872, 0.9677, and 0.9803 for the CS, FS, TS, and S, respectively. The optimization resulted in an optimal value of 10% and 2% NaOH and CR levels, respectively. At the optimal levels of the input factors, the system predicted values of 33.9 MPa, 6.0 MPa, 3.6 MPa, and 0.04% as the optimal values of CS, FS, TS, and S, respectively, at a desirability index of 71.4%.
- The performance of rubberized concrete has significantly improved as a result of a better interaction between the CR and the hardened cement paste due to the NaOH pretreatment, and it can now be recommended for structural use in the construction of elements such as foundations.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxide | CaO | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Al2O3 | K2O | MgO | SO3 | P2O5 | TiO2 | MnO | ZnO | CuO | LOI | Specific Gravity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | 82.10 | 8.59 | 3.18 | 2.00 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 2.78 | 0.46 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2.2 | 3.15 |
Standard/Mix No. | Run | RSM Input Factors (%) | Materials (Kg/m3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A: NaOH | B: CR | NaOH-CR | Fine Agg. | Cement | Coarse Agg. | Water | ||
M1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 850.0 | 375 | 1065 | 178 |
M5 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 11.8 | 812.7 | 375 | 1065 | 178 |
M3 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 23.6 | 775.4 | 375 | 1065 | 178 |
M7 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 11.8 | 812.7 | 375 | 1065 | 178 |
M9 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 11.8 | 812.7 | 375 | 1065 | 178 |
M8 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 23.6 | 775.4 | 375 | 1065 | 178 |
M6 | 1 | 10 | 5 | 11.8 | 812.7 | 375 | 1065 | 178 |
M2 | 7 | 10 | 5 | 11.8 | 812.7 | 375 | 1065 | 178 |
M4 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 23.6 | 775.4 | 375 | 1065 | 178 |
Response | Source | Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value > F | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CS (MPa) | Model | 237.13 | 5 | 47.43 | 20.01 | 0.0164 | significant |
A-NaOH | 39.69 | 1 | 39.69 | 16.75 | 0.0264 | significant | |
B-CR | 83.81 | 1 | 83.81 | 35.36 | 0.0095 | significant | |
AB | 0.24 | 1 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.7714 | not significant | |
A2 | 2.10 | 1 | 2.10 | 0.89 | 0.4160 | not significant | |
B2 | 42.75 | 1 | 42.75 | 18.04 | 0.0239 | significant | |
Residual | 7.11 | 3 | 2.37 | ||||
Lack of Fit | 1.07 | 1 | 1.07 | 0.35 | 0.6119 | not significant | |
Pure Error | 6.04 | 2 | 3.02 | ||||
Cor Total | 244.24 | 8 | |||||
FS (MPa) | Model | 1.33 | 2 | 0.66 | 11.10 | 0.0096 | significant |
A-NaOH | 0.54 | 1 | 0.54 | 8.97 | 0.0242 | significant | |
B-CR | 1.06 | 1 | 1.06 | 17.63 | 0.0057 | significant | |
Residual | 0.36 | 6 | 0.060 | ||||
Lack of Fit | 0.33 | 4 | 0.082 | 5.64 | 0.1563 | not significant | |
Pure Error | 0.029 | 2 | 0.015 | ||||
Cor Total | 1.69 | 8 | |||||
TS (MPa) | Model | 1.72 | 5 | 0.34 | 17.95 | 0.0192 | significant |
A-NaOH | 0.26 | 1 | 0.26 | 13.32 | 0.0355 | significant | |
B-CR | 0.88 | 1 | 0.88 | 45.75 | 0.0066 | significant | |
AB | 0.023 | 1 | 0.023 | 1.21 | 0.3521 | not significant | |
A2 | 5.901E−003 | 1 | 5.901E−003 | 0.31 | 0.6179 | not significant | |
B2 | 0.50 | 1 | 0.50 | 26.14 | 0.0145 | significant | |
Residual | 0.058 | 3 | 0.019 | ||||
Lack of Fit | 0.043 | 1 | 0.043 | 5.97 | 0.1346 | not significant | |
Pure Error | 0.014 | 2 | 7.225E−003 | ||||
Cor Total | 1.78 | 8 | |||||
S (mm) | Model | 2.07 | 5 | 0.41 | 29.85 | 0.0092 | significant |
A-NaOH | 0.70 | 1 | 0.70 | 50.68 | 0.0057 | significant | |
B-CR | 0.47 | 1 | 0.47 | 34.11 | 0.0100 | significant | |
AB | 0.011 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.77 | 0.4459 | not significant | |
A2 | 0.23 | 1 | 0.23 | 16.68 | 0.0265 | significant | |
B2 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.11 | 7.76 | 0.0687 | not significant | |
Residual | 0.042 | 3 | 0.014 | ||||
Lack of Fit | 0.030 | 1 | 0.030 | 4.91 | 0.1571 | not significant | |
Pure Error | 0.012 | 2 | 6.025E−003 | ||||
Cor Total | 2.11 | 8 |
Parameters | CS | FS | TS | S |
---|---|---|---|---|
Std. Dev. | 1.54 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
Mean | 24.15 | 5.21 | 2.54 | 0.83 |
C.V. % | 6.37 | 4.70 | 5.44 | 14.27 |
PRESS | - | 1.14 | - | - |
−2 Log Likelihood | 23.42 | −3.45 | −19.93 | −22.85 |
R2 | 0.9709 | 0.7872 | 0.9677 | 0.9803 |
Adj. R2 | 0.9224 | 0.7162 | 0.9138 | 0.9475 |
Pred. R2 | - | 0.3231 | - | N/A |
Adeq. Precision | 14.299 | 8.288 | 13.504 | 15.329 |
BIC | 36.60 | 3.14 | −6.74 | −9.66 |
AICc | 77.42 | 7.35 | 34.07 | 31.15 |
Factors | Level | Target | Level of Importance (1–5) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Input | NaOH (%) | 0 | 10 | In range | 3 |
CR (%) | 0 | 10 | Maximize | 3 | |
Output | CS (MPa) | 17.29 | 35.60 | Maximize | 3 |
FS (MPa) | 4.38 | 5.91 | Maximize | 3 | |
TS (MPa) | 2.11 | 3.64 | Maximize | 3 | |
S (%) | 0.38 | 1.91 | Minimize | 3 |
Response | Predicted | Experimental | (%) |
---|---|---|---|
CS (MPa) | 33.87 | 36.11 | 6.6 |
FS (MPa) | 5.96 | 6.26 | 5.0 |
STS (MPa) | 3.56 | 3.32 | 6.7 |
S (mm) | 0.039 | 0.041 | 5.1 |
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Appana, P.M.; Mohammed, B.S.; Abdulkadir, I.; Ali, M.O.A.; Liew, M.S. Mechanical, Microstructural and Drying Shrinkage Properties of NaOH-Pretreated Crumb Rubber Concrete: RSM-Based Modeling and Optimization. Materials 2022, 15, 2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072588
Appana PM, Mohammed BS, Abdulkadir I, Ali MOA, Liew MS. Mechanical, Microstructural and Drying Shrinkage Properties of NaOH-Pretreated Crumb Rubber Concrete: RSM-Based Modeling and Optimization. Materials. 2022; 15(7):2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072588
Chicago/Turabian StyleAppana, Pretta Malaysia, Bashar S. Mohammed, Isyaka Abdulkadir, M. O. A. Ali, and M. S. Liew. 2022. "Mechanical, Microstructural and Drying Shrinkage Properties of NaOH-Pretreated Crumb Rubber Concrete: RSM-Based Modeling and Optimization" Materials 15, no. 7: 2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072588