Characteristics of Conventional and Microwave Sintered Iron Ore Preform
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of Art
3. Methodology
3.1. Conventional Sintering of the Preforms
3.2. Microwave Sintering of the Preforms
4. Modules of Data Collection
5. Results and Discussions
5.1. Density and Porosity
5.2. Cold Crushing Strength (CCS)
5.3. Microhardness Test
5.4. Optical Microscopy
5.5. XRD Analysis
6. Conclusions
- Microwave sintering is found to be a superior method since it takes less sintering time and produces sintered preforms with better microstructure.
- Microwave sintered preforms have less porosity and have a higher density than conventionally sintered preforms.
- Microwave sintered preforms have improved iron ore diffusion which provides more strength and micro hardness to them.
- Due to reduced porosity and higher density, microwave sintered preforms have relatively higher cold crushing strength.
- The microwave sintering method provides uniform heating of the powder material and also improves hematite distribution, as evident from the XRD analysis.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No. | Material | Composition |
---|---|---|
1 | Iron ore (Fe2O3) | 85% |
2 | Limestone | 11% |
3 | Coke | 4% |
Sl. No. | Samples and Sintering Temperature | Dry Weight (g) | Soaked Weight (g) | Suspended Weight (g) | Density (g/cm3) | Porosity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A at 1250 °C | 8.2733 | 8.6820 | 6.2405 | 3.3886 | 16.739 |
2 | B at 1250 °C | 8.2853 | 8.7732 | 6.3280 | 3.4249 | 16.305 |
3 | A at 1300 °C | 8.6331 | 9.0615 | 6.4857 | 3.3516 | 16.632 |
4 | B at 1300 °C | 8.5764 | 8.9915 | 6.4396 | 3.3610 | 16.266 |
Sl. No. | Samples and Sintering Temperature | Dry Weight (g) | Soaked Weight (g) | Suspended Weight (g) | Density (g/cm3) | Porosity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A at 1250 °C | 8.2108 | 8.9354 | 6.0504 | 2.8460 | 25.11 |
2 | B at 1250 °C | 8.3453 | 8.8799 | 6.0003 | 2.8772 | 20.65 |
3 | A at 1300 °C | 8.0988 | 8.7598 | 5.9844 | 2.9181 | 23.82 |
4 | B at 1300 °C | 8.1567 | 8.7975 | 6.0132 | 2.9953 | 23.00 |
Sl. No. | Samples | Load at the Point of Failure (kg) | Cross Sectional Area (cm2) | Crushing Strength (kg/cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Conventional sintering, B (1250 °C) | 202.920 | 3.1415 | 64.593 |
2 | Conventional sintering, B (1300 °C) | 227.396 | 3.1415 | 72.384 |
3 | Microwave sintering, B (1250 °C) | 498.641 | 3.1415 | 158.727 |
4 | Microwave sintering, B (1300 °C) | 530.250 | 3.1415 | 168.789 |
Loads ► | 50 gf | 100 gf | 200 gf | 300 gf |
---|---|---|---|---|
Samples ▼ | ||||
Conventional sintering, B (1250 °C) | 24.4 HV | 30.4 HV | 48.7 HV | 70.5 HV |
Conventional sintering, B (1300 °C) | 29.8 HV | 41.0 HV | 53.1 HV | 71.8 HV |
Microwave sintering, B (1250 °C) | 33.5 HV | 43.8 HV | 67.8 HV | 91.0 HV |
Microwave sintering, B (1300 °C) | 33.8 HV | 69.3 HV | 75.5 HV | 98.9 HV |
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Equbal, A.; Ali, M.; Equbal, M.A.; Srivastava, S.C.; Khan, Z.A.; Equbal, M.I.; Badruddin, I.A.; El-Hady, K.M.; Kamangar, S. Characteristics of Conventional and Microwave Sintered Iron Ore Preform. Materials 2022, 15, 2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072655
Equbal A, Ali M, Equbal MA, Srivastava SC, Khan ZA, Equbal MI, Badruddin IA, El-Hady KM, Kamangar S. Characteristics of Conventional and Microwave Sintered Iron Ore Preform. Materials. 2022; 15(7):2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072655
Chicago/Turabian StyleEqubal, Azhar, Mohammad Ali, Md. Asif Equbal, S. C. Srivastava, Zahid A. Khan, Md. Israr Equbal, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Khalid Mohamed El-Hady, and Sarfaraz Kamangar. 2022. "Characteristics of Conventional and Microwave Sintered Iron Ore Preform" Materials 15, no. 7: 2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072655