Effect of Various Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Content on Concrete Properties: Experiments and Modelling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Mix Proportion
2.2. Mechanical Properties Investigation
2.3. Autogenous Shrinkage Measurement
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Properties of Concrete
3.2. Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete
4. Assessment of Models Predicting Mechanical Properties and Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete
4.1. Mechanical Properties of Concrete
4.2. Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete
5. Modelling Development of Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Fly Ash and GGBFS
5.1. Proposed Model
5.2. Proposed Model Comparison with Experimental Results
6. Conclusions
- Fly ash and GGBFS reduced the early age mechanical properties of concrete, but the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of fly ash concrete were similar to OPC concrete at 28 days, while GGBFS increased the compressive strength of concrete at 28 days. Both fly ash and GGBFS decreased the flexural strength and elastic modulus of concrete. When ternary binders were incorporated, the concrete also exhibited low mechanical properties.
- The model in existing standards overestimated the early age of compressive strength development but underestimated the splitting tensile strength of concrete, leading to an unreliable calculation for design purposes. As such, it is recommended to consider the effect of fly ash and GGBFS on concrete’s mechanical properties development.
- A model capturing the effect of fly ash and GGBFS on the development of compressive and splitting tensile strength was proposed. The statistical analysis of the comparison between predicted and measured compressive strength and splitting tensile strength showed a good agreement. The mean value and CoV are 1.00, 0.10, and 0.95, 0.17 for the and prediction models, respectively.
- The autogenous shrinkage of concrete mixes with fly ash and GGBFS was different from that of OPC concrete. The model in existing standards failed in predicting the early-age autogenous shrinkage development of fly ash and GGBFS concrete. As a result, a broader database of concrete containing fly ash and GGBFS values is recommended to improve and establish optimal parameters in existing models.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition | Cement | Fly Ash | GGBFS |
---|---|---|---|
CaO | 63.22 | 1.93 | 34.69 |
MgO | 1.56 | 0.95 | 7.21 |
Fe2O3 | 3.25 | 4.88 | 1.86 |
Al2O3 | 3.67 | 33.18 | 15.55 |
SiO2 | 22.89 | 55.91 | 36.93 |
SO3 | 2.09 | 0.51 | 0.66 |
Loss on ignition (LoI) | 2.14 | 0.99 | 2.19 |
Sample ID | Mix Proportions (kg/m3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | FA | GGBFS | Coarse Agg 1 | Coarse Agg 2 | Fine Agg | Water | |
C100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 439 | 658 | 731.2 | 152 |
C80F20 | 320 | 80 | 0 | 439 | 658 | 731.2 | 152 |
C70F30 | 280 | 120 | 0 | 439 | 658 | 731.2 | 152 |
C60F40 | 240 | 160 | 0 | 439 | 658 | 731.2 | 152 |
C80S20 | 320 | 0 | 80 | 439 | 658 | 731.2 | 152 |
C70S30 | 280 | 0 | 120 | 439 | 658 | 731.2 | 152 |
C60S40 | 240 | 0 | 160 | 439 | 658 | 731.2 | 152 |
C65F20S15 | 260 | 80 | 60 | 439 | 658 | 731.2 | 152 |
C60F20S20 | 240 | 80 | 80 | 439 | 658 | 731.2 | 152 |
C65F35 | 247 | 133 | 0 | 146 | 292 | 780 | 180 |
C60F25S15 | 228 | 95 | 57 | 146 | 292 | 747 | 152 |
C65F15S20 | 292 | 68 | 90 | 146 | 292 | 778 | 155 |
Sample ID | 7d | 28d |
---|---|---|
C100 | 40.37 | 53.82 |
C80F20 | 43.01 | N/A |
C70F30 | 40.29 | 50.67 |
C80S20 | 42.33 | 45.62 |
C60S40 | 40.97 | 51.12 |
C65F20S15 | N/A | 45.77 |
C60F20S20 | 32.68 | 51.09 |
Sample ID | |||
---|---|---|---|
C100 | 0.146 | 0.389 | 0.288 |
C80F20 | 0.152 | 0.582 | N/A |
C70F30 | 0.309 | 0.49 | 0.229 |
C60F40 | 0.382 | 0.377 | N/A |
C80S20 | 0.332 | 0.41 | 0.075 |
C70S30 | 0.337 | 0.41 | N/A |
C60S40 | 0.357 | 0.363 | 0.221 |
C65F20S15 | 0.339 | 0.434 | N/A |
C60F20S20 | 0.363 | 0.368 | 0.447 |
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Qu, Z.; Liu, Z.; Si, R.; Zhang, Y. Effect of Various Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Content on Concrete Properties: Experiments and Modelling. Materials 2022, 15, 3016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093016
Qu Z, Liu Z, Si R, Zhang Y. Effect of Various Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Content on Concrete Properties: Experiments and Modelling. Materials. 2022; 15(9):3016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093016
Chicago/Turabian StyleQu, Zhiwei, Zihao Liu, Ruizhe Si, and Yingda Zhang. 2022. "Effect of Various Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Content on Concrete Properties: Experiments and Modelling" Materials 15, no. 9: 3016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093016