Experimental Study on the Salt Freezing Durability of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Test Apparatus
2.3. Experiment Program
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimal Mix Proportion Based on Mechanical Properties in a Non-Salt Freezing Environment
3.2. Rapid FT Test
3.2.1. Morphological and Compressive Strength
3.2.2. Mass Loss Rate
3.2.3. Relative Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
3.3. Microscopic Analysis
3.3.1. Scanning Electron Microscope Observation
3.3.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Test
4. Conclusions
- The addition of carbon nanotubes significantly improved the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete. With the increase in the MWCNTs content, the variation curves of the compressive strength and flexural strength of the specimens increased at first and then decreased. Considering the cost factor, the optimum mix proportion was found to be a 0.19 water binder ratio and 0.1% carbon nanotube content. At this time, the compressive strength of the specimen was 122.7 MPa and the flexural strength was 9.2 MPa. The strength was increased by 34.1% and 13.6%, respectively, compared with the control group with an MWCNTs content of 0.
- The MWCNTs UHPC prepared based on the optimal mix proportion showed good frost resistance and salt erosion resistance under the combined action of salt erosion and low temperatures. After 1500 salt freezing cycles, the appearance and mass loss of concrete did not change, and the maximum quality loss was 3.18%. The more complex the salt composition and the greater the mass fraction of the erosion solution, the higher the loss rate of compressive strength, up to 40%. This reduces RDME to 91.3%.
- After 1500 salt freezing cycles, the microstructure of concrete was still dense. The salt freezing cycle has a significant influence on the change in the small pores but has little influence on the change in the medium pores and large pores. The larger the mass fraction of the erosion solution, the smaller the change in the pore proportion.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pipe Diameter /nm | Tube Length /µm | Purity /% | Ash /% | Specific Surface Area /m2·g−1 | Packing Density /g·cm−3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10–20 | 5–50 | >85 | <2.0 | 200–300 | 0.006–0.09 |
Sample | Cement | Silica Fume | Fly Ash | Slag Powder | Sand | W/B | Water Reducer | MWCNTs Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 540 | 100 | 180 | 100 | 1080 | 0.16 | 2.5% | 0/0.02/0.05/0.10/0.15/0.20/0.30 |
M2 | 540 | 100 | 180 | 100 | 1080 | 0.17 | 2.5% | 0/0.02/0.05/0.10/0.15/0.20/0.30 |
M3 | 540 | 100 | 180 | 100 | 1080 | 0.18 | 2.5% | 0/0.02/0.05/0.10/0.15/0.20/0.30 |
M4 | 540 | 100 | 180 | 100 | 1080 | 0.19 | 2.5% | 0/0.02/0.05/0.10/0.15/0.20/0.30 |
M5 | 540 | 100 | 180 | 100 | 1080 | 0.20 | 2.5% | 0/0.02/0.05/0.10/0.15/0.20/0.30 |
Sample | Erosion Solution Type | Type and Dosage of Salt /g·L−1 | Solution Mass Fraction/% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NaHCO3 | NaCl | Na2SO4 | |||
F1 | Composite salt | 14.38 | 7.46 | 13.36 | 3.4 |
F2 | Bicarbonate | 14.38 | 0 | 0 | 1.42 |
F3 | Chloride salt | 0 | 7.46 | 0 | 0.74 |
F4 | Sulphate | 0 | 0 | 13.36 | 1.32 |
F5 | Clean water | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Name | Model Parameters |
---|---|
Collector type constant temperature heating magnetic stirrer (Shanghai Yuhua Instrument Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) | DF-101S |
Ultrasonic cleaner (Shenzhen yuanpin Instrument Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China) | KQ-250B |
Single horizontal shaft forced concrete mixer (Wuxi Jianyi Instrument Machinery Co., Ltd, Wuxi, China) | HJW-60 |
Microcomputer controlled electro-hydraulic pressure testing machine (Shanghai Linjia science and Education Instrument Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) | TYW-2000 |
Constant loading pressure testing machine (Wuxi xinluda Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd, Wuxi, China) | EHDC |
Concrete freeze-thaw testing machine (Shanghai Sanhao refrigeration equipment factory, Shanghai, China) | CDR-5 |
Dynamic elastic modulus tester (Tianjin Yaxing Automation Experimental Instrument Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China) | DT-20W |
Electron scanning microscope (Shanghai Baihe Instrument Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) | JSM-IT100(L) |
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging analyzer (Suzhou niumag Analytical Instrument Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China) | MesoMR12-060H-I |
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Liu, G.; Zhang, H.; Liu, J.; Xu, S.; Chen, Z. Experimental Study on the Salt Freezing Durability of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Ultra-High-Performance Concrete. Materials 2022, 15, 3188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093188
Liu G, Zhang H, Liu J, Xu S, Chen Z. Experimental Study on the Salt Freezing Durability of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Ultra-High-Performance Concrete. Materials. 2022; 15(9):3188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093188
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Guifeng, Huadi Zhang, Jianpeng Liu, Shuqi Xu, and Zhengfa Chen. 2022. "Experimental Study on the Salt Freezing Durability of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Ultra-High-Performance Concrete" Materials 15, no. 9: 3188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093188