Enhanced Photocatalysis of Black TiO2/Graphene Composites Synthesized by a Facile Sol–Gel Method Combined with Hydrogenation Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis of Black TiO2/Graphene Composites
2.2. Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hashimoto, K.; Irie, H.; Fujishima, A. TiO2 Photocatalysis: A Historical Overview and Future Prospects. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 44, 8269–8285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujishima, A.; Honda, K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 1972, 238, 37–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, G.; Yang, H.G.; Pan, J.; Yang, Y.Q.; Lu, G.Q.; Cheng, H.M. Titanium dioxide crystals with tailored facets. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9559–9612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schneider, J.; Matsuoka, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Zhang, J.; Horiuchi, Y.; Anpo, M.; Bahnemann, D.W. Understanding TiO2 photocatalysis: Mechanisms and materials. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9919–9986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Tian, L.; Tan, X.; Chen, X. Synthesis, properties, and applications of black titanium dioxide nanomaterials. Sci. Bull. 2017, 62, 431–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dette, C.; Pérezosorio, M.A.; Kley, C.S.; Punke, P.; Patrick, C.E.; Jacobson, P.; Giustino, F.; Jung, S.J.; Kern, K. TiO2 anatase with a bandgap in the visible region. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6533–6538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.-K.; Lee, S.-W. Template-sacrificial conversion of MnCO3 microspheres to fabricate Mn-doped TiO2 visible light photocatalysts. Mater. Des. 2020, 189, 108497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faraldos, M.; Bahamonde, A. Environmental applications of titania-graphene photocatalysts. Catal. Today 2017, 285, 13–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, H.G.; Sun, C.H.; Qiao, S.Z.; Zou, J.; Liu, G.; Smith, S.C.; Cheng, H.M.; Lu, G.Q. Anatase TiO2 single crystals with a large percentage of reactive facets. Nature 2008, 453, 638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bouslama, M.; Amamra, M.C.; Jia, Z.; Amar, M.B.; Chhor, K.; Brinza, O.; Abderrabba, M.; Vignes, J.L.; Kanaev, A. Nanoparticulate TiO2–Al2O3 Photocatalytic Media: Effect of Particle Size and Polymorphism on Photocatalytic Activity. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 1884–1892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.Y.; Li, H.P.; Cui, X.L.; Lin, Y. Graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and application in hydrogen evolution from water photocatalytic splitting. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 2801–2806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, Q.; Li, J.; Qiang, T.; Shi, R. Template-free synthesis of zinc citrate yolk–shell microspheres and their transformation to ZnO yolk–shell nanospheres. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 13541–13547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ismael, M.; Wu, Y. A mini-review on the synthesis and structural modification of g-C3N4-based materials, and their applications in solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2019, 3, 2907–2925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Q.; Tian, S.; Zeng, D.; Wang, X.; Song, W.; Li, Y.; Xiao, W.; Xie, C. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Chemically Bonded TiO2/Graphene Composites Based on the Effective Interfacial Charge Transfer through the C–Ti Bond. ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 1477–1485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, K.M.; Kim, K.H.; Choi, H.O.; Jung, H.T. Highly photoactive, visible-light-driven graphene/2D mesoporous TiO2 photocatalyst. Green Chem. 2015, 17, 3972–3978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Zhu, Z.; Tang, Y.; Feng, X. Graphene encapsulated hollow TiO2 nanospheres: Efficient synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 3752–3756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, P.; Nair, A.S.; Shengjie, P.; Shengyuan, Y.; Ramakrishna, S. Correction to “Facile Fabrication of TiO2-Graphene Composite with Enhanced Photovoltaic and Photocatalytic Properties by Electrospinning”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 581–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Liu, L.; Yu, P.Y.; Mao, S.S. Increasing solar absorption for photocatalysis with black hydrogenated titanium dioxide nanocrystals. Science 2011, 331, 746–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, L.; Wang, J.; Guo, Q.; Li, J. A facile method for the structure control of TiO2 particles at low temperature. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 355, 1051–1056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hague, D.C.; Mayo, M.J. Controlling crystallinity during processing of nanocrystalline titania. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1994, 77, 1957–1960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Wang, F.; Feng, S.; Wang, J.; Sun, Z.; Li, B.; Li, Y.; Yang, J.; Elzatahry, A.A.; Xia, Y. Sol-gel design strategy for ultradispersed TiO2 nanoparticles on graphene for high-performance lithium ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 18300–18303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferrari, A.C.; Meyer, J.C.; Scardaci, V.; Casiraghi, C.; Lazzeri, M.; Mauri, F.; Piscanec, S.; Jiang, D.; Novoselov, K.S.; Roth, S. Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 187401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xing, Z.; Li, J.; Qiang, W.; Wei, Z.; Tian, G.; Kai, P.; Tian, C.; Zou, J.; Fu, H. A Floating Porous Crystalline TiO2 Ceramic with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance for Wastewater Decontamination. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2013, 2013, 2411–2417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, J.; Sheng, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wei, J.; Huang, P.; Zhang, X.; Feng, B. Preparation of carbon quantum dots/TiO2 nanotubes composites and their visible light catalytic applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 18082–18086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, G.; Shen, L.; Xing, Z.; Kou, X.; Duan, S.; Fan, L.; Meng, H.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, X.; Li, L. Ti3+ self-doped mesoporous black TiO2/graphene assemblies for unpredicted-high solar-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2017, 505, 1031–1038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lu, Z.; Yip, C.T.; Wang, L.; Huang, H.; Zhou, L. Hydrogenated TiO2 Nanotube Arrays as High-Rate Anodes for Lithium-Ion Microbatteries. Chempluschem 2012, 77, 991–1000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, J.; Dong, Z.; Wang, B.; Jiang, Z.; Zhao, C.; Wang, J.; Song, C.; Zheng, Y.; Li, C. The enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen production via Ti3+ self-doping black TiO2/g-C3N4 hollow core-shell nano-heterojunction. Appl. Catal. B 2019, 242, 92–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiong, R.; Hu, K.; Grant, A.M.; Ma, R.; Xu, W.; Lu, C.; Zhang, X.; Tsukruk, V.V. Ultrarobust Transparent Cellulose Nanocrystal-Graphene Membranes with High Electrical Conductivity. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 1501–1509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Li, Z.; Liu, Z.; Yang, X.; Chen, A.; Chen, P.; Yang, L.; Yan, C.; Shi, Y. Enhanced Photocatalysis of Black TiO2/Graphene Composites Synthesized by a Facile Sol–Gel Method Combined with Hydrogenation Process. Materials 2022, 15, 3336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093336
Li Z, Liu Z, Yang X, Chen A, Chen P, Yang L, Yan C, Shi Y. Enhanced Photocatalysis of Black TiO2/Graphene Composites Synthesized by a Facile Sol–Gel Method Combined with Hydrogenation Process. Materials. 2022; 15(9):3336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093336
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhaoqing, Zhufeng Liu, Xiao Yang, Annan Chen, Peng Chen, Lei Yang, Chunze Yan, and Yusheng Shi. 2022. "Enhanced Photocatalysis of Black TiO2/Graphene Composites Synthesized by a Facile Sol–Gel Method Combined with Hydrogenation Process" Materials 15, no. 9: 3336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093336