Effect of Sepiolite on the Field-Dependent Normal Force of Magnetorheological Grease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.1.1. Raw Materials
2.1.2. Principle of the Experiment
- (1)
- saponification reaction of 12-hydroxystearic acid and sebacic acid to generate lithium-based complex;
- (2)
- reaction of isopropyl aluminum alcoholate, benzoic acid, and 12-hydroxystearic acid to form the aluminum-based complex;
- (3)
- thickening of dimethyl silicone oil with the lithium-based complex and aluminum-based complex to form lithium–aluminum-based grease. Prior to thickening, carbonyl iron powder is added to produce ALC, and ALC is combined with sepiolite to form ALCH.
2.2. Test Equipment and Experimental Principle
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Normal Force of ALC and ALCH in Steady-State Mode
3.1.1. The Effect of Magnetic Fields on Normal Forces
3.1.2. The Effect of Time on Normal Forces
3.1.3. The Effect of Temperature on Normal Forces
3.1.4. The Effect of Shear Rate on Normal Forces
3.1.5. Transient Response
3.2. Normal Force of ALC and ALCH in Oscillation Mode
3.2.1. The Effect of Magnetic Fields on Normal Forces
3.2.2. The Effect of Time on Normal Forces
3.2.3. The Effect of Temperature on Normal Forces
3.2.4. The Effect of Frequency on Normal Forces
3.2.5. The Effect of Strain Amplitude on Normal Force
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Under steady shear mode, ALC exhibits higher normal force than ALCH at the same magnetic field intensity. The range of normal force variations for ALCH is 10% smaller than for ALC at 860 kA/m. This is because after the addition of sepiolite, the more complex three-dimensional structure composed of sepiolite fibers and soap fibers exacerbates the destruction of the chain structure of the particles. Meanwhile the field-dependent normal force limitations of sepiolite on MRG are not disturbed by temperature, time, and shear rate. The normal force remains steady with time course in the medium–weak magnetic field, and remains steady after showing a decreasing trend at 740 kA/m; the shear rate leads to a decrease in the normal force, but different equilibriums are reached at different magnetic field strengths.
- (2)
- Under oscillatory shear mode, ALC exhibits higher normal force than ALCH at high magnetic fields, but lower normal force at medium and weak magnetic fields. The range of normal force changes for ALCH is 30% less than for ALC. This is because at lower strain amplitudes, as the magnetic field increases, the main contributor of the normal force gradually changes from the fiber structure to the magnetic particle chain. The normal force is almost independent of time and frequency, but a critical value of the strain amplitude exists, which divides the change of normal force with amplitude into two regions: rising and stable.
- (3)
- The effect of temperature on the normal force is mainly manifested under high magnetic field, and the increase in temperature leads to the decrease in normal force under high magnetic field, which is due to the fact that the particle chain is more constrained by the magnetic field under the high intensity magnetic field, and the Brownian motion caused by the increase in temperature will have a negative effect on the particle chain, causing the decrease in normal force. However, sepiolite improves the stability of the normal force in steady state and oscillatory modes by 30% and 36% respectively, indicating that sepiolite is able to reduce the sensitivity to temperature.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reagent Name | Specification | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|
Dimethyl silicone oil (kinematic viscosity 100 mm2/s) | PMX-200 | Dow Corning Silicone Co., Ltd., Midland, MI, USA |
Carbonyl iron powder | SQ | Provided by BASF in Ludwigshafen, Germany |
12-hydroxystearic acid | H-00994 | Tianjin Heowns Biochem Technologies, LLC., Tianjin, China |
Sebacic acid | S-00200 | Tianjin Heowns Biochem Technologies, LLC., Tianjin, China |
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate | P02315 | Shanghai Dingfen Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China |
Diphenylamine | M03782 | Shanghai Myrell Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China |
Aluminum isopropyl alcohol | CP | Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China |
Benzoic acid | AR | Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China |
Sepiolite | Sep-01 | Guzhang Shanlin Shiyu Mineral Products Co., Ltd., Changzhou, China |
Sample | Parameter | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k | α | R1 | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | R2 | |
ALC | 0.02232 | 1.005 | 0.9722 | −5.016 × 10−8 | 5.473 × 10−5 | 0.01136 | −0.6095 | 0.99711 |
ALCH | 0.01264 | 1.068 | 0.97556 | −4.766 × 10−8 | 5.612 × 10−5 | 0.005356 | −0.3147 | 0.99811 |
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Du, M.; Wang, H.; Ye, X.; Qian, K.; Wang, J. Effect of Sepiolite on the Field-Dependent Normal Force of Magnetorheological Grease. Materials 2023, 16, 5627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165627
Du M, Wang H, Ye X, Qian K, Wang J. Effect of Sepiolite on the Field-Dependent Normal Force of Magnetorheological Grease. Materials. 2023; 16(16):5627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165627
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Mengwei, Huixing Wang, Xudan Ye, Kun Qian, and Jiong Wang. 2023. "Effect of Sepiolite on the Field-Dependent Normal Force of Magnetorheological Grease" Materials 16, no. 16: 5627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165627