Developments in Laminate Modification of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Joint Configuration and Geometry
2.1. Joint Geometry
2.2. Effect of Surface Preparation
2.3. Effect of Manufacturing Process
2.4. Alternative Joint Configurations
3. Adhesive Layer Modifications
3.1. Mixed and Functionally Graded Adhesive Layer
3.2. Nano-Reinforced Adhesive Layers
4. Substrate Modifications
4.1. Effect of Stacking Sequence
4.2. Thin-Ply Laminates
4.3. Composite Metal Laminates
4.4. Toughened Surface Layers
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- It has been shown that, optimising the joint geometry, e.g., the substrate thickness, can cause an increase in the failure load, although substrate delamination will still be a concern. Advanced joint configurations were proposed for composite joints, being shown that, among all configurations under analysis, the FJF joints exhibit the highest static performance, but are still susceptible to delamination due to the modifications that must be made to the composite.
- The adhesive layer can be modified by using a functionally graded or a nano-reinforced adhesive layer. The former overcomes non-uniform distribution of the adhesive layer and allows for the delay of delamination failure. The latter creates efficient stress transfer between nanoparticles and the polymer matrix, which improves the strength of the bond.
- The use of different fibre orientations does allow the joint to improve its performance and strength, forcing the crack to grow through more complex crack paths.
- The use of thin-plies in laminates can cause a delay in crack initiation and propagation due to lowered ply thickness and increased fibre ratios. In addition, the higher degree of design freedom they provide allows for the use of a wider range different fibre orientations and leads to an increase in the static performance of the joint. However, there are very few papers studying the effect of using of thin-plies in composite joints and this technique has now been shown as a viable concept for future research and developments.
- Fully cohesive failure has been obtained for the case of CMLs subjected to different loading conditions. This approach creates a tough and compliant load transfer platform from the adhesive to the metal, which shields the composite core from failure.
- Finally, the use of adherends reinforced with toughened layers follows an approach which is similar to that of CMLs, as it is also able to provide fully cohesive failure. This method allows for the mitigation of the peel stress concentrations in the adhesive layer, virtually eliminating failure by delamination of the substrate.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ramezani, F.; Simões, B.D.; Carbas, R.J.C.; Marques, E.A.S.; da Silva, L.F.M. Developments in Laminate Modification of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints. Materials 2023, 16, 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020568
Ramezani F, Simões BD, Carbas RJC, Marques EAS, da Silva LFM. Developments in Laminate Modification of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints. Materials. 2023; 16(2):568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020568
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamezani, Farin, Beatriz D. Simões, Ricardo J. C. Carbas, Eduardo A. S. Marques, and Lucas F. M. da Silva. 2023. "Developments in Laminate Modification of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints" Materials 16, no. 2: 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020568