Epoxy Resin-Based Materials Containing Natural Additives of Plant Origin Dedicated to Rail Transport
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.4. Flammability and Smoke Emission Test
2.5. Solar Aging
2.6. Shore C Hardness Measurement
2.7. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Absorbance Spectra Analysis
2.8. Color Measurement
2.9. Microscopic Observation
2.10. Contact Angle and Surface Free Energy Measurements
2.11. One-Directional Tensile Test
3. Results
3.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.2. Flammability and Smoke Emission Test
3.3. Shore C Hardness Measurement
3.4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Absorbance Spectra Analysis
3.5. Color Measurement
3.6. Microstructure
3.7. Surface Free Energy Measurements
3.8. One-Directional Tensile Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Composition | Resin Content [%] | Starch Content [%] | Quercetin Content [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
R | referential sample (epoxy resin with flame retardants) | 100 | 0 | 0 |
R/S15 | sample consisted of epoxy resin with flame retardants and 15 phr * of potato starch | 87 | 13 | 0 |
R/S15/Q2 | sample consisted of epoxy resin with flame retardants and 15 phr * of potato starch and 2 phr * of quercetin | 85 | 13 | 2 |
Sample | T05 [°C] | Td [°C] | Residual Rate [%] (T = 1000 °C) |
---|---|---|---|
R | 327 | 368.8 | 62.1 |
R/S15 | 310 | 363.4 | 56.1 |
R/S15/Q2 | 321 | 367.3 | 59.3 |
Sample | MAHRE [kW/m2] | Ds(4) [−] | VOF4 [min] |
---|---|---|---|
R | 48.04 | 82.69 | 205.56 |
R/S15 | 55.71 | 127.36 | 374.36 |
R/S15/Q2 | 49.07 | 144.74 | 361.16 |
Sample | Before Aging | After Aging | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD | PD | 45 | MD | PD | 45 | |
R | 17.31 ± 0.20 | 14.36 ± 0.40 | 9.34 ± 0.65 | 18.43 ± 0.24 | 14.78 ± 0.45 | 10.39 ± 0.18 |
R/S15 | 16.95 ± 0.49 | 13.51 ± 0.27 | 8.64 ± 0.17 | 17.79 ± 0.09 | 14.33 ± 0.25 | 9.55 ± 0.35 |
R/S15/Q2 | 17.13 ± 0.46 | 14.01 ± 1.22 | 8.46 ± 0.20 | 17.86 ± 0.17 | 14.69 ± 1.00 | 9.94 ± 0.17 |
Sample | Before Aging | After Aging | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD | PD | 45 | MD | PD | 45 | |
R | 277.7 ± 4.6 | 223.6 ± 6.7 | 116.9 ± 8.9 | 284.9 ± 4.7 | 223.8 ± 14.2 | 114.9 ± 4.0 |
R/S15 | 236.6 ± 10.9 | 139.4 ± 7.6 | 84.3 ± 2.6 | 223.7 ± 3.1 | 140.9.3 ± 4.4 | 82.8 ± 17.5 |
R/S15/Q2 | 217.0 ± 5.1 | 144.4 ± 24.3 | 97.7 ± 2.6 | 211.3 ± 4.0 | 140.2 ± 16.0 | 102.5 ± 3.2 |
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Masek, A.; Olejnik, O.; Czechowski, L.; Kaźmierczyk, F.; Miszczak, S.; Węgier, A.; Krauze, S. Epoxy Resin-Based Materials Containing Natural Additives of Plant Origin Dedicated to Rail Transport. Materials 2023, 16, 7080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227080
Masek A, Olejnik O, Czechowski L, Kaźmierczyk F, Miszczak S, Węgier A, Krauze S. Epoxy Resin-Based Materials Containing Natural Additives of Plant Origin Dedicated to Rail Transport. Materials. 2023; 16(22):7080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227080
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasek, Anna, Olga Olejnik, Leszek Czechowski, Filip Kaźmierczyk, Sebastian Miszczak, Aleksandra Węgier, and Sławomir Krauze. 2023. "Epoxy Resin-Based Materials Containing Natural Additives of Plant Origin Dedicated to Rail Transport" Materials 16, no. 22: 7080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227080