Experimental Investigation on Machinability of α/β Titanium Alloys with Different Microstructures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Work
2.1. Preparation of Cast Samples
2.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
2.3. Heat Treatment
2.4. Drilling Tests
2.5. Sample Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure Investigation
3.2. Cutting Forces and Tool Wear
3.3. Drilling-Induced Sub-Surface Structures
3.4. Burr Formation
3.5. Surface Roughness and Chip Characteristics
4. Conclusions
- As-cast Ti67 alloy showed finer grain size and higher transformation temperature (974.7 °C) than Ti64 (950 °C).
- In the heat-treated Ti64, water quenching from either α/β or β range resulted in the formation of a martensitic structure. The amount of martensite significantly increased upon quenching from the β-phase field.
- In Ti67, water quenching from α/β phase field (950 °C) did not induce martensite, while some martensite was obtained after quenching from 1070 °C (β-phase range).
- Generally, water quenching increased the workpieces’ hardness compared to the air- cooling conditions.
- The workpieces with martensitic structures exhibited higher cutting forces and increased tool wear due to their high hardness.
- The machined samples with higher hardness resulted in the formation of a thicker sub-machined surface deformation layer (white layer), with some subsurface defects that were frequently observed.
- In the two alloys, higher surface roughness and burr heights were observed in the workpieces that induced martensite during the heat treatment. Surface roughness in Ti64 workpieces was generally higher compared to Ti67 specimens.
- Analysis of the as-cast workpieces machining chips showed elemental N indicating the wear of machining bits. Other elements, such as Cr, V, Fe, etc., that came from the uncoated bits, appeared in the water-quenched samples which exhibited high tool wear and thus aggressively attacked the drilling tool.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Al | Nb | V | Ta | Fe | C | O | N | Others | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti-6Al-4V | 6.1 | 0.01 | 4 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | ˂0.4 | Bal. |
Ti-6Al-7Nb | 6.2 | 6.8 | 0.01 | ˂0.05 | 0.03 | ˂0.01 | 0.14 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.4 | Bal. |
Code | Heat Treatment Conditions | |
---|---|---|
WQ950 | Solution treatment at 950 °C+ WQ | Aging at 550 °C for 4 h |
AC950 | Solution treatment at 950 °C + AC | |
WQ1070 | Solution treatment at 1070 °C + WQ | |
AC1070 | Solution treatment at 1070 °C + AC |
As-Cast | WQ950 | AC950 | WQ1070 | AC1070 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti64 | 6 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 0.58 | 7.79 ± 1.85 | 11.95 ± 3.2 | 9.5 ± 1.7 |
Ti67 | 2.9 ± 0.69 | 10.3 ± 0.54 | 6.65 ± 1.6 | 14.3 ± 2.74 | 8.47 ± 2.9 |
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El-Hadad, S.; Elsayed, A.; Shi, B.; Attia, H. Experimental Investigation on Machinability of α/β Titanium Alloys with Different Microstructures. Materials 2023, 16, 7157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227157
El-Hadad S, Elsayed A, Shi B, Attia H. Experimental Investigation on Machinability of α/β Titanium Alloys with Different Microstructures. Materials. 2023; 16(22):7157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227157
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Hadad, Shimaa, Ayman Elsayed, Bin Shi, and Helmi Attia. 2023. "Experimental Investigation on Machinability of α/β Titanium Alloys with Different Microstructures" Materials 16, no. 22: 7157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227157