Investigation of the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Masonry Mortar Made with Seashell Particles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Outline of Experiment
2.2. Materials
2.3. Specimen Preparation
2.4. Casting, Curing, and Crushing
2.5. Test Methods
2.5.1. Characterisation of Sand and Seashell
2.5.2. Mechanical Properties
Direct Compressive Strength
Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
Degree of Hydration Test
2.5.3. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Hydration Products
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterisation of Seashell
3.1.1. SEM/EDX
3.1.2. XRD
3.2. Hardened Properties of Mortar
3.2.1. Direct Compressive Strength Test
3.2.2. Schmitz Rebound Hammer Test
3.2.3. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
3.3. Degree of Hydration Test (Nonevaporable Water)
3.4. XRD Qualitative Analysis of Hydration Products of Mortar
4. Conclusions
- The SP (cockle and scallop) particles activated at 600 °C chemically contain calcium oxide (CaO) of about 86%.
- The SEM micrograph of the tested SPs shows mostly irregular and needle-like particles.
- The mineral phases of the calcined seashell particles detected through the XRD technique showed mostly hydroxyapatites, calcium silicate minerals, and calcium carbonate.
- The direct compressive strength investigation showed that with up to 30% sand replacement with SPs in a masonry mortar, an improvement of 45% compressive strength could be achieved compared with control.
- The non-destructive tests conducted using the rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocities machines revealed that replacing sand with SPs in masonry mortar application up to 30% could increase the integrity of the tested masonry mortars over the control.
- The nonevaporable water method of the degree of hydration analysis showed that hydration increased considerably after 28 days for the SP-blended mortars over the control, especially the SHM-30 with 30% sand replacement.
- The SP-blended mortars provided mineral content and filler effect on the microstructure of the masonry mortar matrix, culminating in a reduction in calcium hydroxide in the 28-day XRD peaks of the samples, especially with the SPM-30 mixture.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Experiment | Experimental Factors |
---|---|---|
Characterisation of the seashells | XRF, SEM, XRD, and BS standard sieving method (PSD) | SPs (scallop and cockle types) |
Effect of SPs on PC-based masonry mortar | Compressive strength test (Model YES-2000 Machine) | Substitution ratio of calcined seashell
|
Rebound hammer test (Digital YD225E Rebound Hammer) | Substitution ratio of calcined seashell
| |
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test (C269N Pocket Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Tester) | Substitution ratio of calcined seashell
| |
Degree of hydration test(Nonevaporable water method) | Substitution ratio of calcined seashell
| |
Microstructure analysis (XRD of selected hardened mortars) | Substitution ratio of calcined seashell
|
Oxides | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | K2O | Na2O | P2O5 | MnO | Cl | Sr | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPs (%) | 6.95 | 2.59 | 2.40 | 81.60 | 3.07 | 1.20 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.42 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.77 |
Properties | Sand | SPs |
---|---|---|
Moisture content (%) | 0.63 | 0.00 |
Specific gravity | 2.70 | 3.21 |
Bulk density (kg/m3) | 1689.96 | - |
Coefficient of uniformity (Cu) | 5.00 | 3.20 |
Coefficient of curvature (Cc) | 1.80 | 1.32 |
Fineness modulus (FM) | 3.88 | 4.06 |
Constituents | Mix Blends (kg/m3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | SPM-5 | SPM-10 | SPM-15 | SPM-20 | SPM-25 | SPM-30 | |
Water | 133.72 | 133.72 | 133.72 | 133.72 | 133.72 | 133.72 | 133.72 |
Portland cement (CEM II 42.5 N) | 267.43 | 267.43 | 267.43 | 267.43 | 267.43 | 267.43 | 267.43 |
SPs | 0 | 70.72 | 141.43 | 212.14 | 282.86 | 353.57 | 424.29 |
River sand (≥300 μm) | 1414.29 | 1343.58 | 1272.86 | 1202.15 | 1131.43 | 1060.72 | 989.91 |
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Nduka, D.O.; Akanbi, E.T.; Ojo, D.O.; Babayemi, T.E.; Jolayemi, K.J. Investigation of the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Masonry Mortar Made with Seashell Particles. Materials 2023, 16, 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062471
Nduka DO, Akanbi ET, Ojo DO, Babayemi TE, Jolayemi KJ. Investigation of the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Masonry Mortar Made with Seashell Particles. Materials. 2023; 16(6):2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062471
Chicago/Turabian StyleNduka, David O., Emmanuel T. Akanbi, Daniel O. Ojo, Timilehin E. Babayemi, and Kayode J. Jolayemi. 2023. "Investigation of the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Masonry Mortar Made with Seashell Particles" Materials 16, no. 6: 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062471