Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption Abilities of Diamond TPMS Cylindrical Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting with 316L Stainless Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Diamond Lattice Structure Design
- ki—TPMS function periodicity;
- ui—number of unit cells in x, y, and z dimension;
- Li—absolute size of the porous structure in x, y, and z direction;
- e—exponent, which determines the type of unit cell: skeletal (for e = 1) and sheet (for e = 2);
2.2. Metal Powder Characterization and Sample Structures Fabrication
Element | Fe | Cr | Ni | Mo | C | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight percent (%) | Balance | 18 | 12 | 2 | <0.03 | <1.0 |
2.3. Quasi-Static Compression Test
3. Results
3.1. Compression Process and Overall Deformation Model
3.2. Compressive Mechanical Properties
3.3. Energy Absorption
4. Discussion
Gyroid TPMS Cylindrical Structures | Diamond TPMS Cylindrical Structures | Figure | |
---|---|---|---|
Elastic modulus |
|
| Figure 14A–C |
Yield strength |
|
| Figure 15A–C |
Plateau stress |
|
| Figure 16A–C |
- In both cases, the structure that absorbed the highest value of energy to the densification point had ncircum = 9 and nradial = 1;
- In both cases, the structure that absorbed the lowest value of energy to the densification point had ncircum = 6 and nradial = 2.
5. Conclusions
- An increase in ncircum and nradial causes an increase in the value of EL for all structures;
- For stretch-dominated structures, an increase in ncircum and a decrease in nradial causes an increase in the value of σy;
- An increase in ncircum causes an increase in the value of σpl for stretch-dominated structures and a decrease in the value of σpl for bending-dominated structures;
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Laser Power | Laser Speed | Layer Thickness | Printing Environment |
---|---|---|---|
123 W | 1000 mm/s | 25 µm | Argon |
Symbol | ncircum | nradial | naxial | T (mm) | mr (g) | Δm (%) | mr_avrage (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diamond_6_1_0.73 | 16.42 | −0.9 | 16.43 | ||||
6 | 1 | 3 | 0.73 | 16.45 | −0.7 | ||
16.42 | −0.9 | ||||||
Diamond_6_1.5_0.64 | 16.46 | −0.6 | 16.47 | ||||
6 | 1.5 | 3 | 0.64 | 16.45 | −0.7 | ||
16.50 | −0.4 | ||||||
Diamond_6_2_0.58 | 16.47 | −0.6 | 16.46 | ||||
6 | 2 | 3 | 0.58 | 16.45 | −0.7 | ||
16.46 | −0.6 | ||||||
Diamond_9_1_0.64 | 16.46 | −0.6 | 16.46 | ||||
9 | 1 | 3 | 0.64 | 16.44 | −0.8 | ||
16.47 | −0.6 | ||||||
Diamond_9_1.5_0.56 | 16.45 | −0.7 | 16.45 | ||||
9 | 1.5 | 3 | 0.56 | 16.45 | −0.7 | ||
16.44 | −0.8 | ||||||
Diamond_9_2_0.51 | 16.50 | −0.4 | 16.46 | ||||
9 | 2 | 3 | 0.51 | 16.44 | −0.8 | ||
16.44 | −0.8 | ||||||
Diamond_12_1_0.58 | 16.45 | −0.7 | 16.47 | ||||
12 | 1 | 3 | 0.58 | 16.45 | −0.7 | ||
16.50 | −0.4 | ||||||
Diamond_12_1.5_0.51 | 16.50 | −0.4 | 16.45 | ||||
12 | 1.5 | 3 | 0.51 | 16.41 | −0.9 | ||
16.43 | −0.8 | ||||||
Diamond_12_2_0.47 | 16.47 | −0.6 | 16.46 | ||||
12 | 2 | 3 | 0.47 | 16.47 | −0.6 | ||
16.44 | −0.8 |
Symbol | Elastic Modulus (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Plateau Stress (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
Diamond_6_1_0.73 | 1446 ± 162 | 27 ± 0.33 | 35 ± 0.30 |
Diamond_6_1.5_0.64 | 1663 ± 21 | 25 ± 0.69 | 21 ± 0.33 |
Diamond_6_2_0.58 | 2030 ± 109 | 22 ± 0.37 | 16 ± 0.92 |
Diamond_9_1_0.64 | 1493 ± 279 | 28 ± 0.32 | 36 ± 0.22 |
Diamond_9_1.5_0.56 | 1731 ± 7 | 30 ± 0.87 | 27 ± 0.79 |
Diamond_9_2_0.51 | 2061 ± 40 | 24 ± 1.31 | 19 ± 0.45 |
Diamond_12_1_0.58 | 1166 ± 26 | 27 ± 0.66 | 30 ± 0.26 |
Diamond_12_1.5_0.51 | 1883 ± 142 | 33 ± 0.87 | 27 ± 3.68 |
Diamond_12_2_0.47 | 2406 ± 180 | 31 ± 1.49 | 25 ± 3.93 |
Symbol | Densification Point εD (%) | Energy Absorption W(εD) (MJ/m3) |
---|---|---|
Diamond_6_1_0.73 | 52 | 17.68 |
Diamond_6_1.5_0.64 | 38 | 7.67 |
Diamond_6_2_0.58 | 44 | 6.80 |
Diamond_9_1_0.64 | 55 | 19.53 |
Diamond_9_1.5_0.56 | 51 | 13.83 |
Diamond_9_2_0.51 | 51 | 9.43 |
Diamond_12_1_0.58 | 56 | 17.61 |
Diamond_12_1.5_0.51 | 51 | 13.50 |
Diamond_12_2_0.47 | 55 | 13.65 |
ncircum | nradial | Maximum Energy Absorption η(εD) (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gyroid | Diamond | |||
6 | 1 | 45 | 42 | |
1.5 | 38 | 39 | ||
2 | 38 | 44 | ||
9 | 1 | 45 | 42 | |
1.5 | 40 | 40 | ||
2 | 36 | 51 | ||
12 | 1 | 42 | 39 | |
1.5 | 38 | 50 | ||
2 | 36 | 47 |
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Laskowska, D.; Szatkiewicz, T.; Bałasz, B.; Mitura, K. Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption Abilities of Diamond TPMS Cylindrical Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting with 316L Stainless Steel. Materials 2023, 16, 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083196
Laskowska D, Szatkiewicz T, Bałasz B, Mitura K. Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption Abilities of Diamond TPMS Cylindrical Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting with 316L Stainless Steel. Materials. 2023; 16(8):3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083196
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaskowska, Dorota, Tomasz Szatkiewicz, Błażej Bałasz, and Katarzyna Mitura. 2023. "Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption Abilities of Diamond TPMS Cylindrical Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting with 316L Stainless Steel" Materials 16, no. 8: 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083196