Derivation of Corrosion Depth Formula According to Corrosion Factors in District Heating Water through Regression Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimen and Solution
2.2. Electrochemical Tests
2.3. Surface Analysis
2.4. Regression Analysis
2.5. District Heating Water Monitoring
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure of Weldment
3.2. Potentiodynamic Test
3.3. Corrosion Acceleration Test
3.4. Regression Analysis and Validation of the Formula
3.5. Corrosion Depth Prediction
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition (wt.%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
C | Mn | P | S | Fe |
≤0.25 | 1.00 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.04 | Balance |
pH | Temp. | NaCl (mg/L) | Mg(OH)2 (mg/L) | CaCO3 (mg/L) | NH4OH (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10.0 | 60 °C | 15.01 | 0.48 | 2.65 | 10.28 |
βa (V/dec.) | βc (V/dec.) | Ecorr (VSCE) | icorr (A/cm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heat-affected zone | 0.084 | 0.039 | −0.794 | 4.304 × 10−6 |
Weld metal | 0.082 | 0.041 | −0.807 | 2.569 × 10−6 |
In Service | Laboratory | ||
---|---|---|---|
Impressed Anodic Current Density | 4.0 mA/cm2 | ||
Operating time | 21,900 h (2.5 years) | Accelerated test time | 23.5 h |
109,500 h (12.5 years) | 117.7 h | ||
219,000 h (25 years) | 235.4 h |
DO (ppb) | Operating Time (Years) | pH | Corrosion Depth (μm) | DO (ppb) | Operating Time (Years) | pH | Corrosion Depth (μm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 7 | 126 9 | 200 | 2.5 | 7 | 149 10 |
8 | 101 12 | 8 | 126 13 | ||||
9 | 121 15 | 9 | 106 14 | ||||
10 | 109 14 | 10 | 108 16 | ||||
11 | 169 18 | 11 | 102 13 | ||||
12.5 | 7 | 879 32 | 12.5 | 7 | 936 41 | ||
8 | 598 41 | 8 | 728 35 | ||||
9 | 606 45 | 9 | 732 27 | ||||
10 | 694 36 | 10 | 741 34 | ||||
11 | 671 28 | 11 | 671 21 | ||||
25 | 7 | 1644 86 | 25 | 7 | 1860 101 | ||
8 | 1079 57 | 8 | 1279 77 | ||||
9 | 1144 62 | 9 | 1248 68 | ||||
10 | 1074 52 | 10 | 1200 70 | ||||
11 | 1087 43 | 11 | 1235 60 | ||||
1000 | 2.5 | 7 | 171 14 | 8000 | 2.5 | 7 | 265 15 |
8 | 199 21 | 8 | 204 21 | ||||
9 | 146 17 | 9 | 216 13 | ||||
10 | 188 26 | 10 | 230 26 | ||||
11 | 121 13 | 11 | 190 9 | ||||
12.5 | 7 | 1040 68 | 12.5 | 7 | 1240 47 | ||
8 | 845 46 | 8 | 1019 62 | ||||
9 | 767 49 | 9 | 958 42 | ||||
10 | 728 38 | 10 | 962 40 | ||||
11 | 679 32 | 11 | 688 21 | ||||
25 | 7 | 2248 122 | 25 | 7 | 2604 138 | ||
8 | 1643 88 | 8 | 2039 121 | ||||
9 | 1391 95 | 9 | 1892 96 | ||||
10 | 1215 68 | 10 | 1730 102 | ||||
11 | 1289 69 | 11 | 1422 88 |
Degree of Freedom | Sum of Square | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 5 | 22,691,827 | 4,538,365 | 239.52 | 0.00 |
Linear | 3 | 21,527,065 | 7,175,688 | 378.72 | 0.00 |
pH | 1 | 1,185,230 | 1,185,230 | 62.55 | 0.00 |
DO | 1 | 1,087,527 | 1,087,527 | 57.40 | 0.00 |
Time | 1 | 19,056,253 | 19,056,253 | 1005.74 | 0.00 |
Interaction | 2 | 1,122,202 | 561,101 | 29.61 | 0.00 |
pH × Time | 1 | 804,149 | 804,149 | 42.44 | 0.00 |
DO × Time | 1 | 449,929 | 449,929 | 23.75 | 0.00 |
Error | 57 | 1,080,003 | 18,947 | - | - |
Lack of fit | 54 | 1,066,591 | 19,752 | 4.42 | 0.122 |
Pure error | 3 | 13,412 | 4471 | - | - |
Total | 62 | 23,771,830 | - | - | - |
Averaged pH | Averaged DO (ppb) | Operating Time (Year) | Predicted Corrosion Depth (μm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Site A | 9.76 | 54.37 | 2.5 | 153.4 |
12.5 | 631.0 | |||
25.0 | 1228.1 |
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So, Y.-S.; Lim, J.-M.; Kang, S.-J.; Kim, W.-C.; Kim, J.-G. Derivation of Corrosion Depth Formula According to Corrosion Factors in District Heating Water through Regression Analysis. Materials 2023, 16, 3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083254
So Y-S, Lim J-M, Kang S-J, Kim W-C, Kim J-G. Derivation of Corrosion Depth Formula According to Corrosion Factors in District Heating Water through Regression Analysis. Materials. 2023; 16(8):3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083254
Chicago/Turabian StyleSo, Yoon-Sik, Jeong-Min Lim, Sin-Jae Kang, Woo-Cheol Kim, and Jung-Gu Kim. 2023. "Derivation of Corrosion Depth Formula According to Corrosion Factors in District Heating Water through Regression Analysis" Materials 16, no. 8: 3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083254