Surface-Modified Silica Hydrogels for the Programmable Release of Bisphosphonate Anti-Osteoporosis Drugs: The Case of Etidronate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. Preparation of ETID-Loaded Silica Hydrogels
2.4. Preparation of Hydrogels Incorporating Ca2+ and Cu2+ Ions
2.5. Preparation of Silane-Grafted Hydrogels
2.6. General Drug Release Protocol
2.7. Kinetic and Statistical Analysis
2.7.1. Sink Conditions
2.7.2. Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Release Experiments
2.7.3. Calculation of Initial Rates
2.7.4. Kinetic Models
3. Results
3.1. Gel Density: Impact of Silicate Concentration on the ETID Release Profile
3.2. Metal-Loaded Hydrogels
3.2.1. Ca2+-Loaded Hydrogels
3.2.2. Cu2+-Loaded Hydrogels
3.3. Surface Functionalization of ETID-Loaded Hydrogels by Silane Agents
3.3.1. The Case of (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES)
3.3.2. The Case of (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane (CPTS)
3.3.3. The Case of (3-Triethoxysilyl)propylsuccinic Anhydride (TESPSA)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kinetics Models * | Evaluation Criteria | Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
r2 | AIC | MSC | |||
Zero-order F = k0 ∙ t | −1.086 | 115.292 | −1.454 | k0 2.430 | - |
First-order | 0.632 | 94.467 | 0.282 | k1 0.130 | - |
F = 100 ∙ [1 − Exp(−k1 ∙ t)] | |||||
Higuchi F = kH ∙ t0.5 | 0.485 | 98.521 | −0.056 | kH 15.290 | - |
Korsmeyer–Peppas | 0.918 | 78.504 | 1.612 | kKP 33.514 | n |
F = kKP ∙ tn | 0.237 | ||||
Hixson-Crowell F = 100 ∙ [1 − (1 − kHC ∙ t)3] | 0.380 | 100.734 | −0.240 | kHC 0.029 | - |
Peppas–Sahlin F = kPS(1) ∙ tm + kKPS(2) ∙ t (2 ∙ m) | 0.983 | 61.512 | 3.028 | kPS(1), kPS(2) 28.899, −2.702 | m 0.494 |
Hopfenberg F = 100 ∙ [1− (1 − kHB∙ t)n] | 0.632 | 96.469 | 0.115 | kHB 0 | n 5143.94 |
Baker–Lonsdale [1 − (1 − )2/3] − = kBL ∙ t | 0.808 | 88.676 | 0.931 | kBL 0.008 | - |
Weibull | 0.978 | 64.586 | 2.772 | α, β 2.175, 0.329 | Ti |
F = 100 ∙ {1 − Exp[−((t − Ti)β)/α]} | 0.890 |
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Alatzoglou, F.-E.G.; Vassaki, M.; Nirgianaki, K.; Tripodianos, E.; Turhanen, P.; Demadis, K.D.; Papathanasiou, K.E. Surface-Modified Silica Hydrogels for the Programmable Release of Bisphosphonate Anti-Osteoporosis Drugs: The Case of Etidronate. Materials 2023, 16, 3379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093379
Alatzoglou F-EG, Vassaki M, Nirgianaki K, Tripodianos E, Turhanen P, Demadis KD, Papathanasiou KE. Surface-Modified Silica Hydrogels for the Programmable Release of Bisphosphonate Anti-Osteoporosis Drugs: The Case of Etidronate. Materials. 2023; 16(9):3379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093379
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlatzoglou, Fanouria-Eirini G., Maria Vassaki, Kalliopi Nirgianaki, Eleftherios Tripodianos, Petri Turhanen, Konstantinos D. Demadis, and Konstantinos E. Papathanasiou. 2023. "Surface-Modified Silica Hydrogels for the Programmable Release of Bisphosphonate Anti-Osteoporosis Drugs: The Case of Etidronate" Materials 16, no. 9: 3379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093379