Possibilities of Managing Waste Iron Sorbent FFH after CO2 Capture as an Element of a Circular Economy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Stages
2.2. The FFHCO2 Substrate
2.3. Materials and Reagents Used in Stage I Research
2.4. Materials and Reagents Used in Stage II Research
2.5. Materials and Reagents Used in Stage III Research
2.5.1. Cultivation of Bioleaching Bacteria in Stage III
2.5.2. Inoculation (Stage III)
2.5.3. Research Combinations (Stage III)
2.6. Methodology
- dry solids (DS) [29].
- volatile solids (VS), [30].
- capillary suction time (CST), [31].
- specific resistance of filtration (SRT), [32].
- pH was determined using the potentiometric method (Elmetron CPC-505, Zabrze, Poland).
- Conductance (C) was determined using direct conductivity (Hydromet CD-210 probe, Gliwice, Poland).
- Reduction–oxidation potential (redox) was determined by an electrochemical method (Hydromet ERPt—11X probe, Gliwice, Poland).
- Alkalinity was determined by titration using a pH meter in accordance with the standard [33].
- The content of sulfur and iron compounds was determined using cuvette tests for a HACH DR 6000 spectrophotometer (Hach Company, Loveland, CO, USA); LCK 153—sulfates, LCK, LCK 321—iron, and LCK 654—sulfites.
- The turbidity (T) of the filtrate after separation of the solid phase in the vacuum filtration process was determined using a Hach 2100N turbidity meter (Hach Company, Loveland, CO, USA).
- The efficiency of phase separation by a centrifugation (Centrifugation efficiency, CE) method was determined using the following formula:
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results of Stage I Tests
3.2. Results of Stage II Tests
3.3. Results of Stage III Tests
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dry solids, DS, g/L | 45.30 ± 0.30 |
Volatile solids, VS, g/L | 4.95 ± 0.22 |
pH | 8.80 ± 0.1 |
Alkalinity, mg CaCO3/L | 28,000.0 ± 707.0 |
Magnetic field lines marked by FFHCO2 particles. (Stir bar, diameter × length: 0.7 × 40 mm.) |
Dry solids, DS g/L | 22.6 ± 0.6 |
Volatile solids, VS g/L | 17.3 ± 0.7 |
pH | 6.40 ± 0.21 |
Capillary suction time (CST), s | 634.0 ± 32.0 |
Specific resistance of filtration, (SRT), E12 m/kg | 234 ± 1.2 |
Final hydration of sludge cake (FH), % | 94.8 ± 1.6 |
Dry Solids, g/L | Volatile Solids, g/L | Volatile Solids Content, % DS | pH |
---|---|---|---|
10.92 ± 0.34 | 8.03 ± 0.94 | 73.5 | 1.81 ± 0.12 |
Combination | A | B | C | D | E | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FFH, % of sample volume | 100 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Inoculum, % of sample volume | 0 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
pH correction to | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
Addition of FeSO4·7H2O, g/L | 44.0 | 44.0 | ||||
Addition of S0, g/L | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Centrifugation Efficiency, % | Statistical Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Centrifugation Time, min. | 1 min. | 98.3 | 98.3 | 98.5 | 98.7 | 98.8 | a |
2 min. | 98.5 | 98.6 | 98.8 | 98.9 | 99.0 | a |
Parameter | Centrifugation Time | 1000 | 3000 | 5000 | 7000 | 9000 | Statistical Group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 1 min. | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.2 | 8.3 ± 0.12 | a |
2 min. | 8.0 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.2 | a | |
Turbidity, NTU | 1 min. | 157 ± 10 | 153 ± 15 | 138 ± 14 | 100 ± 11 | 89 ± 8 | a |
2 min. | 137 ± 18 | 121 ± 19 | 96 ± 12 | 78 ± 9 | 68 ± 12 | b | |
Conductance, uS/cm | 1 min. | 374 ± 32 | 380 ± 17 | 358 ± 23 | 350 ± 26 | 353 ± 13 | a |
2 min. | 368 ± 26 | 364 ± 29 | 344 ± 21 | 348 ± 11 | 346 ± 17 | a | |
Total iron content, mg Fe/L | 1 min. | 3.0 ± 0.34 | 2.8 ± 0.14 | 2.3 ± 0.25 | 1.8 ± 0.18 | 1.5 ± 0.11 | a |
2 min. | 2.6 ± 0.24 | 1.9 ± 0.15 | 1.8 ± 0.11 | 1.5 ± 0.26 | 1.4 ± 0.09 | b |
Parameter | Conditioner | Dose of Conditioner, mL/L of Sludge | Statistical Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 20 | 30 | |||
pH | PIX 113 | 5.39 ± 0.06 | 4.87 ± 0.11 | 4.47 ± 0.11 | 3.03 ± 0.14 | 2.44 ± 0.06 | 2.27 ± 0.09 | a |
FFHCO2 | 5.99 ± 0.06 | 6.0 ± 0.09 | 5.99 ± 0.11 | 6.01 ± 0.08 | 6.09 ± 0.19 | 6.06 ± 0.10 | b | |
Turbidity NTU | PIX 113 | 216 ± 11 | 199 ± 10 | 187 ± 13 | 151 ± 15 | 144 ± 9 | 137 ± 3 | a |
FFHCO2 | 487 ± 36 | 506 ± 29 | 531 ± 26 | 536 ± 24 | 473 ± 24 | 529 ± 27 | b | |
Conductance uS/cm | PIX 113 | 169 ± 11 | 150 ± 7 | 140 ± 10 | 104 ± 8 | 77 ± 11 | 57 ± 9 | a |
FFHCO2 | 1191 ± 28 | 1569 ± 33 | 2239 ± 43 | 2275 ± 28 | 2038 ± 58 | 2005 ± 68 | b |
Combination | A | B | C | D | E | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial pH | 8.80 | 8.80 | 8.80 | 8.80 | 8.80 | 8.80 |
pH after inoculation | - | - | 7.40 ± 0.06 | 7.39 ± 0.09 | 7.37 ± 0.05 | 7.38 ± 0.10 |
pH after adding FeSO4 | - | - | - | 6.96 ± 0.10 | - | 7.06 ± 0.09 |
Amount of sulfuric acid, pH correction, mL/L | - | 16.8 ± 0.3 | 8.00 ± 0.2 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 8.0 ± 0.2 | 7.8 ± 0.3 |
Final pH | 8.80 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Combination | A | B | C | D | E | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSK, s | 11 ± 5 | 16 ± 2 | 20 ± 5 | 17 ± 5 | 15 ± 4 | 25 ± 3 |
r, 10E12 m/kg | 2.61 ± 0.57 | 3.71 ± 0.81 | 4.49 ± 0.98 | 3.85 ± 0.73 | 3.35 ± 0,73 | 4.92 ± 0.72 |
Turbidity (filtrate), NTU | 12.9 ± 1.3 | 6.92 ± 0.7 | 11.3 ± 3.2 | 10.3 ± 2.0 | 31.5 ± 7.6 | 26.5 ± 3.1 |
Conductance (filtrate), mS/cm | 0.316 ± 0.09 | 0.879 ± 0.15 | 0.710 ± 0.42 | 0.483 ± 0.11 | 1.709 ± 0.26 | 1.642 ± 0.33 |
Combination | LCK 153 | LCK 321 | LCK 654 |
---|---|---|---|
mg/L SO4 | mg/L Fe | mg/L SO3 | |
A | 67.5 ± 5 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.3 |
B | 669 ± 49 | 160.3 ± 1.2 | 123.7 ± 1.9 |
C | 7280 ± 35 | 174.6 ± 8.6 | 80.3 ± 2.7 |
D | 8970 ± 61 | 214.5 ± 5.2 | 126.4 ± 3.4 |
E | 8030 ± 85 | 194.0 ± 7.0 | 108.6 ± 1.9 |
F | 10,510 ± 66 | 250.1 ± 14.6 | 135.0 ± 5.9 |
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Kamizela, T.; Kowalczyk, M.; Worwąg, M.; Wystalska, K.; Zabochnicka, M.; Kępa, U. Possibilities of Managing Waste Iron Sorbent FFH after CO2 Capture as an Element of a Circular Economy. Materials 2024, 17, 2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112725
Kamizela T, Kowalczyk M, Worwąg M, Wystalska K, Zabochnicka M, Kępa U. Possibilities of Managing Waste Iron Sorbent FFH after CO2 Capture as an Element of a Circular Economy. Materials. 2024; 17(11):2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112725
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamizela, Tomasz, Mariusz Kowalczyk, Małgorzata Worwąg, Katarzyna Wystalska, Magdalena Zabochnicka, and Urszula Kępa. 2024. "Possibilities of Managing Waste Iron Sorbent FFH after CO2 Capture as an Element of a Circular Economy" Materials 17, no. 11: 2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112725