The Use of Microfiltration for the Pretreatment of Backwash Water from Sand Filters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- The composition of the backwash water subjected to microfiltration has the greatest effect on the pretreatment efficiency;
- All the types of microfiltration membranes used allowed for the effective and sufficient returning of treated backwash water to the main water treatment line and the removal of organic substances in ranges from 19.9% to 44.5% and from 7.2% to 53.9% from backwash water from the treatments of surface water and infiltration water;
- Regardless of the type, none of the microfiltration membranes used ensured the biological stability of the pretreated backwash water;
- The average numbers of psychrophilic bacteria in the permeate were 384, 3625, and 2563 from M1, M2, and M3, respectively; the PVDF microfiltration membrane had the highest psychrotrophic bacterial retention rate;
- None of the microfiltration membranes used ensured the removal of manganese compounds to the levels found in the infiltration water. Their lowest concentrations were found in permeate from M3 (average: 125 µg/dm3);
- The PVDF membrane showed the highest permeate flux stability, whereas the PP membrane was characterized by the lowest stability;
- Microfiltration cannot be used as the sole process for the pretreatment of back-wash water before it is returned to the water treatment system, regardless of its origin.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technical Data | Membrane Module | ||
---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | |
Manufacturer/supplier | Polymem Tech | ||
Module type | spiral | capillary | capillary |
Membrane material | Poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) | Polypropylene (PP) | α Alumina |
Maximum permissible temperature (°C): | 45 | 45 | 140 |
Maximum allowable pressure (MPa): | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
Membrane (pore size) (μm): | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Membrane (m2): | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.26 |
Parameter | Unit | Surface Water | Infiltration Water | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh Water | Raw Backwash Water | Fresh Water | Raw Backwash Water | ||
Turbidity | NTU | 1.3–22 | 1.2–3.9 | 4.2–37 | 59–92 |
Color | g/m3 | 1–38 | 3–5 | 6.0–28 | 7–10 |
pH | 7.1–8.2 | 7.2–8.7 | 6.8–7.8 | 7.4–7.6 | |
UV254 | m−1 | 6.3–27.2 | 3.99–7.49 | 6.3–11.4 | 6.60–9.77 |
SUVA | m2/g | 0.93–1.66 | 1.47–2.16 | ||
DOC | g/m3 | 3.07–10.2 | 3.32–5.20 | 2.91–5.9 | 3.45–6.62 |
Enterococci | cfu/100 cm3 | 0–100 | 0–28 | 0–15 | 0–3 |
Clostridium perfringens | cfu/100 cm3 | 7–290 | 1–10 | 0 | 0 |
Coliform bacteria | cfu/100 cm3 | 2–9200 | 55–2420 | 0–201 | 8–276 |
Escherichia Coli | cfu/100 cm3 | 1–790 | 1–5 | 0 | 2–5 |
Psychrophilic bacteria | cfu/1 cm3 | 490–170,000 | 6200–210,000 | 11–550 | 4700–18,000 |
Fe | g/m3 | 0.06–0.64 | 0.02–0.52 | 0.61–5.59 | 6.35–12.11 |
Mn | g/m3 | 0.01–0.29 | 0.02–0.25 | 0.25–0.55 | 0.35–0.58 |
Parameter | Unit | Surface Water | Infiltration Water | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | M1 | M2 | M3 | ||
Turbidity | NTU | 0.3–0.32 | 0.3–0.36 | 0.3–1.1 | 0.3 | 0.3–1.7 | 0.3 |
Color | g/m3 | 2–4 | 2–6 | 2–4 | 7–8 | 7–11 | 5–8 |
pH | 7.8–8.7 | 7.9–8.4 | 6.8–8.6 | 7.3–7.7 | 7.5–7.7 | 7.5–7.7 | |
UV254 | m−1 | 2.89–3.45 | 2.91–5.58 | 2.62–4.69 | 6.36–7.20 | 6.21–13.3 | 4.91–6.17 |
SUVA | m2/g | 0.82–1.38 | 1.16–1.51 | 0.91–1.43 | 1.99–2.28 | 1.29–2.08 | 1.62–2.35 |
DOC | g/m3 | 2.22–3.65 | 2.35–4.8 | 2.50–4.25 | 3.01–3.20 | 3.05–5.31 | 2.46–3.22 |
Enterococci | cfu/100 cm3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Clostridium perfringens | cfu/100 cm3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Coliform bacteria | cfu/100 cm3 | 1 | 1 | 0–1 | 0 | 0–1 | 0 |
Escherichia Coli | cfu/100 cm3 | 1 | 1–5 | 0–1 | 0 | 0–2 | 0 |
Psychrophilic bacteria | cfu/1 cm3 | 4–1600 | 200–5900 | 2–40,000 | 8–230 | 8–8000 | 39–13,000 |
Fe | g/m3 | 0.02 | 0.02–0.05 | 0.02–0.21 | 0.02–0.06 | 0.02–0.63 | 0.02 |
Mn | g/m3 | 0.005 | 0.01–0.02 | 0.01–0.12 | 0.07–0.30 | 0.04–0.25 | 0.06–0.23 |
Parameter | Surface Water | Infiltration Water | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | M1 | M2 | M3 | |||||||
min. | max. | min. | max. | min. | max. | min. | max. | min. | max. | min. | max. | |
Turbidity | 83.7% | 87.1% | 88.5% | 96.2% | 74.5% | 95.7% | 99.5% | 99.5% | 98.4% | 99.6% | 99.6% | 99.6% |
Color | 0.0% | 31.7% | 0.0% | 22.5% | 8.3% | 33.3% | 0.0% | 12.5% | 5.0% | 30.0% | 5.6% | 27.0% |
UV254 | 19.3% | 27.2% | 10.3% | 32.5% | 14.1% | 35.1% | 9.2% | 16.4% | 0.7% | 36.4% | 8.1% | 20.4% |
DOC | 20.1% | 44.5% | 20.7% | 32.5% | 19.9% | 33.5% | 14.7% | 18.9% | 7.8% | 53.9% | 9.2% | 24.4% |
Psychrophilic bacteria | 90.8% | 98.6% | 10.0% | 99.9% | 23.7% | 98.1% | 98.5% | 99.3% | 77.1% | 99.9% | 59.1% | 71.6% |
Fe | 71.0% | 74.2% | 31.0% | 87.5% | 4.8% | 33.7% | 99.3% | 99.7% | 96.5% | 99.8% | 99.8% | 99.8% |
Mn | 66.9% | 74.8% | 79.6% | 84.0% | 56.4% | 77.8% | 56.1% | 78.4% | 43.5% | 76.7% | 67.6% | 83.7% |
Module | Initial Permeate Flux, dm3/m2h | Relative Membrane Permeability (after 7 Days of Use) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Surface Water | Infiltration Water | Surface Water | Infiltration Water | |
M1 | 82.30 | 95.15 | 0.33 | 0.25 |
M2 | 173.06 | 237.25 | 0.17 | 0.41 |
M3 | 143.34 | 100.50 | 0.49 | 0.64 |
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Wolska, M.; Kabsch-Korbutowicz, M.; Rosińska, A.; Solipiwko-Pieścik, A.; Urbańska-Kozłowska, H. The Use of Microfiltration for the Pretreatment of Backwash Water from Sand Filters. Materials 2024, 17, 2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122819
Wolska M, Kabsch-Korbutowicz M, Rosińska A, Solipiwko-Pieścik A, Urbańska-Kozłowska H. The Use of Microfiltration for the Pretreatment of Backwash Water from Sand Filters. Materials. 2024; 17(12):2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122819
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolska, Małgorzata, Małgorzata Kabsch-Korbutowicz, Agata Rosińska, Anna Solipiwko-Pieścik, and Halina Urbańska-Kozłowska. 2024. "The Use of Microfiltration for the Pretreatment of Backwash Water from Sand Filters" Materials 17, no. 12: 2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122819