Epoxy resin (EP) adhesive is a high value-added adhesive, with a large adhesive force, high bond strength, excellent chemical stability, low shrinkage, ease of processing and molding, and eco-friendliness. It exhibits remarkable bonding capabilities with metal, glass, wood, plastics, ceramics, composites, cement, rubber, fabrics, and other polar materials, making it extensively utilized in civil engineering, construction, water conservancy, and various other projects [
1,
2,
3]. In recent years, various types of high-performance EP adhesives have been developed, including high-temperature, high-toughness, moisture-resistant, and room-temperature curing variants [
4,
5,
6]. Epoxy resin grouting material offers distinct advantages over traditional options, boasting a low shrinkage rate, the ability to fill small cracks and voids, and a strong bonding capability between different materials. Additionally, its curing time is controllable, enhancing its engineering applicability [
7,
8,
9]. As an emerging chemical grouting material, epoxy resin assumes an increasingly vital role in the grouting field. Its primary components include an epoxy resin, curing agent, diluent, toughening agent, filler, aggregate, and other additives. Only by selecting the appropriate components and proportions can the ideal epoxy grouting material be formulated [
10].
When the epoxy resin is utilized in wet or underwater environments, a weak interfacial layer often forms between the adhesive and the adherent, which is not easy to cure. Additionally, the high viscosity of epoxy resin at room temperature makes it difficult to meet the requirements of fluidity and permeability during the actual application process [
11,
12]. Currently, numerous experimental studies have been conducted both domestically and internationally on the dosage of components in epoxy grouting materials, as well as their construction performance, adhesive properties, water resistance, and other factors. Wang et al. [
13] modified epoxy resin by incorporating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a diluent, and investigated the mechanical properties of the resulting modified materials. It was demonstrated that the strength and impact resistance of the silicone-based modified epoxy grouting materials were significantly improved. Moreover, the flexibility and bonding properties of the modified materials surpassed those of the unmodified ones, which enhanced the environmental adaptability of the materials. Wang et al. [
14] combined acetone with either 1,6-hexanediol diglycidylether (RDDF) or trimethylolpropane glycidylether (RDTF) to create two diluents for the formulation of ultra-low viscosity epoxy grouting materials. The experimental results indicated that the modification of epoxy groups accelerated the reaction with curing agents and ether groups, altering the brittleness of epoxy materials. Additionally, the addition of composite diluents significantly reduced the viscosity of epoxy grouting materials, facilitating the repair of microcracks in buildings. Wang et al. [
15] optimized the preparation process of silicone-modified low-viscosity epoxy grouting materials and investigated the evolution of their mechanical properties under conditions of high-temperature impact, temperature cycling, and freeze–thaw cycling. The experimental results indicated that the physical and mechanical properties of the grouting materials were optimal when prepared at a reaction temperature of 100 °C, a reaction time of 3 h, and a dichlorodimethylsilane (DDMS) content of 11%. After 3 days of curing, the shear strength and bond strength of the material reached over 90% at room temperature and between 70% to 90% at high temperatures. Wang et al. [
16] incorporated water-soluble epoxy resin into cement-based grout and investigated the rheological and mechanical properties of the composite grouting materials. The results showed that the fluidity of the grouting material increased and then decreased with the addition of epoxy resin. Moreover, the uniaxial compressive strength and split tensile strength of the modified material experienced significant improvements, and the bonding ability of the material was enhanced. Zhang et al. [
17] utilized flexible hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) to synthesize a novel high-toughness epoxy resin through copolymerization. The experiment demonstrated significant enhancements in the mechanical properties of the modified epoxy resin material, with an elongation at break reaching as high as 124%. In addition, the specimens exhibited thermal stability up to 258 °C and excellent corrosion resistance; they remained stable in H
2SO
4, NaOH, and 10 wt% NaCl solutions for 100 h. Liu et al. [
18] synthesized nano-silica (NS)-modified waterborne epoxy resin (WEP) through in situ polymerization and analyzed the mechanical properties of the grouting material. The findings indicated that increasing the NS concentration significantly reduces the solidification time of the grouting material while enhancing the compressive strength, stiffness, and toughness of the specimens. Notably, when the NS content in WEP reaches 4%, the stress–strain curve exhibits a distinct stress step, signifying the optimal mechanical properties of the specimen. Wang et al. [
19] investigated the mechanical properties of grouting materials by diluting epoxy resin using a low-viscosity reactive diluent and anhydrous ethanol. Experimental results revealed a compressive strength of 40.6 MPa and a tensile strength of 12.6 MPa for the thinned epoxy material post-solidification, and infrared spectra analysis indicated an enhancement in the toughness of the epoxy material due to the inclusion of the diluent. Zhang et al. [
20] examined four common grouting materials—ordinary silicate cement, epoxy resin, ultrafine cement, and polyurethane—and conducted comprehensive analyses, considering factors such as grouting pressure and concrete crack aperture. They investigated the anti-seepage performance of each material on concrete cracks. The experimental findings reveal that epoxy resin demonstrates the most superior anti-seepage performance, establishing it as the optimal grouting material. Furthermore, the article delves into the differences in the water plugging efficacy among the four materials, exploring the microstructure of grouted concrete cracks as a contributing factor. The penetration performance of epoxy resin grouting material may deteriorate due to prolonged placement time. Su et al. [
21] investigated this phenomenon and analyzed the impact of time on the viscosity and affinity of epoxy resin grouting material. They examined the properties such as contact angle and viscosity of CW epoxy resin grouting material with different mass ratios of A:B = 5:1 and 6:1. Furthermore, the researchers established a mathematical model to describe the change in viscosity and affinity of epoxy resin grout over time, providing a detailed analysis of the model. Experimental results revealed that the surface tension of both types of epoxy grouting materials increased over time and eventually reached equilibrium. Moreover, as the experimental duration extended, the contact angle of both CW epoxy grouting materials increased, while the affinity decreased. Consequently, the permeability of the epoxy resin grouting material was weakened.