Chemical Stability of High-Entropy Spinel in a High-Pressure Pure Hydrogen Atmosphere
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Spinel HEOx
3.2. Spinel HEOx after Hydrogenation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- ➢
- Single-phase spinel-structured powders were not obtained via the mechanochemical synthesis (MS) of samples with the nominal compositions (Cr0.2Fe0.2Mg0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)3O4, (Cu0.2Fe0.2Mg0.2Ti0.2Zn0.2)3O4, and (Cu0.2Fe0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Ti0.2)3O4.
- ➢
- Performing the free sintering procedure on powders after MS at 1000 °C for 3 h in air achieved single-phase (Cr,Fe,Mg,Mn,Ni)3O4 and (Cu,Fe,Mg,Ni,Ti)3O4 powders with a spinel structure, and in the case of (Cu,Fe,Mg,Ti,Zn)3O4, a spinel phase in the amount of 95 wt.% was achieved.
- ➢
- An increase in spinel unit cell lattice parameters was determined for (Cr,Fe,Mg,Mn,Ni)3O4, (Cu,Fe,Mg,Ti,Zn)3O4, and (Cu,Fe,Mg,Ni,Ti)3O4 powders after high-pressure hydrogenation at 250 °C and with a pressure of up to 40 bar.
- ➢
- A decrease in the spinel phase crystallite size and an increase in lattice strains were established in the above-mentioned spinel powders.
- ➢
- Spinels containing copper in their structure, i.e., (Cu,Fe,Mg,Ti,Zn)3O4 and (Cu,Fe,Mg,Ni,Ti)3O4, were chemically unstable during high-pressure hydrogenation, due to a partial reduction process accompanied by the release of metallic copper.
- ➢
- Pure hydrogen did not have a notable effect on the structure and morphology of (Cr,Fe,Mg,Mn,Ni)3O4, which indicates the potential of this ceramic material for future use in hydrogen technologies.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | (Cr,Fe,Mg,Mn,Ni)3O4 | (Cu,Fe,Mg,Ti,Zn)3O4 | (Cu,Fe,Mg,Ni,Ti)3O4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before PCT | After PCT | Before PCT | After PCT | Before PCT | After PCT | |
Parameter “a” of the spinel cell [Å] | 8.3529 | 8.3974 | 8.4348 | 8.4758 | 8.3995 | 8.4366 |
Identified secondary phases/mass content [wt.%] | - | - | CuO (2.5%) Cu2O (1.7%) | Cu (8.9%) | - | Cu (11.9%) |
Crystalline size [nm] | 65(1) | 50(1) | 149(1) | 60(2) | 128(1) | 29(1) |
Microstresses (×10−3) | 0.4 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.07 | 4.2 |
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Domaradzki, K.; Adamczyk, A.; Pyzalski, M.; Brylewski, T.; Nowak, M.; Jurczyk, M. Chemical Stability of High-Entropy Spinel in a High-Pressure Pure Hydrogen Atmosphere. Materials 2024, 17, 3309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133309
Domaradzki K, Adamczyk A, Pyzalski M, Brylewski T, Nowak M, Jurczyk M. Chemical Stability of High-Entropy Spinel in a High-Pressure Pure Hydrogen Atmosphere. Materials. 2024; 17(13):3309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133309
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomaradzki, Kamil, Anna Adamczyk, Michał Pyzalski, Tomasz Brylewski, Marek Nowak, and Mieczysław Jurczyk. 2024. "Chemical Stability of High-Entropy Spinel in a High-Pressure Pure Hydrogen Atmosphere" Materials 17, no. 13: 3309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133309