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Open AccessArticle
Thermal and Combustion Properties of Biomass-Based Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams Containing P and N
by
Jing Zhan
Jing Zhan 1,
Liangchen Mao
Liangchen Mao 1,
Rongshui Qin
Rongshui Qin 1,*,
Jing Qian
Jing Qian 2 and
Xiaowei Mu
Xiaowei Mu 3,*
1
School of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
2
School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui JianZhu University, Hefei 230601, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2024, 17(14), 3473; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143473 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 12 June 2024
/
Revised: 10 July 2024
/
Accepted: 11 July 2024
/
Published: 13 July 2024
Abstract
Biomass has been widely used due to its environmental friendliness, sustainability, and low toxicity. In this study, aminophosphorylated cellulose (PNC), a biomass flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen, was synthesized by esterification from cellulose and introduced into polyurethane to prepare flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam. The combustion properties of the PU and PU/PNC composites were studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimeter (CCT) methods. The thermal degradation behavior of the PU and PU/PNC composites was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR). The char layer after combustion was characterized using SEM, Raman, and XPS. The experimental results showed that the introduction of PNC significantly improved the flame-retardant effect and safety of PU/PNC composites. Adding 15 wt% PNC to PU resulted in a vertical burning grade of V-0 and a limiting oxygen index of 23.5%. Compared to the pure sample, the residual char content of PU/PNC15 in a nitrogen atmosphere increased by 181%, and the total heat release (THR) decreased by 56.3%. A Raman analysis of the char layer after CCT combustion revealed that the ID/IG ratio of PU/PNC15 decreased from 4.11 to 3.61, indicating that the flame retardant could increase the stability of the char layer. The TG-IR results showed that PNC diluted the concentration of O2 and combustible gases by releasing inert gases such as CO2. These findings suggest that the developed PU/PNC composites have significant potential for real-world applications, particularly in industries requiring enhanced fire safety, such as construction, transportation, and electronics. The use of PNC provides an eco-friendly alternative to traditional flame retardants. This research paves the way for the development of safer, more sustainable, and environmentally friendly fire-resistant materials for a wide range of applications.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Zhan, J.; Mao, L.; Qin, R.; Qian, J.; Mu, X.
Thermal and Combustion Properties of Biomass-Based Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams Containing P and N. Materials 2024, 17, 3473.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143473
AMA Style
Zhan J, Mao L, Qin R, Qian J, Mu X.
Thermal and Combustion Properties of Biomass-Based Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams Containing P and N. Materials. 2024; 17(14):3473.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143473
Chicago/Turabian Style
Zhan, Jing, Liangchen Mao, Rongshui Qin, Jing Qian, and Xiaowei Mu.
2024. "Thermal and Combustion Properties of Biomass-Based Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams Containing P and N" Materials 17, no. 14: 3473.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143473
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