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Open AccessArticle
Hydroxyapatite-Filled Acrylonitrile–Butadiene Rubber Composites with Improved Cure Characteristics and Reduced Flammability
by
Magdalena Maciejewska
Magdalena Maciejewska 1,*,
Przemysław Rybiński
Przemysław Rybiński 2 and
Anna Sowińska-Baranowska
Anna Sowińska-Baranowska 1,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 16 Stefanowskiego Street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
2
Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 7 Uniwersytecka Street, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2024, 17(15), 3718; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153718 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 July 2024
/
Revised: 22 July 2024
/
Accepted: 26 July 2024
/
Published: 27 July 2024
Abstract
The goal of this work was to develop acrylonitrile–butadiene (NBR) elastomer composites filled with hydroxyapatite (HAP) characterized by improved cure characteristics and resistance to burning. Silane, i.e., (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane, ionic liquid, i.e., 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and surfactant, i.e., cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, were used to improve the filler’s dispersibility in the elastomer matrix and to reduce the time and temperature of vulcanization. The effects of HAP and dispersants on the cure characteristics, crosslink density and physico–chemical properties of NBR composites were explored. The additives used, especially the ionic liquid and surfactant, effectively improved the dispersion of HAP in the NBR matrix. The amount of HAP and the dispersant used strongly affected the cure characteristics and crosslink density of NBR. The optimal vulcanization time significantly increased with HAP content and was pronouncedly reduced when ionic liquid and surfactant were applied. In addition, ionic liquid and surfactant significantly lowered the onset vulcanization temperature and improved the crosslink density and hardness of the vulcanizates while impairing their elasticity. HAP and dispersants did not significantly affect the damping properties or chemical resistance of NBR vulcanizates. Above all, application of HAP considerably enhanced the resistance of vulcanizates to thermo-oxidative aging and reduced their flammability compared with the unfilled NBR.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Maciejewska, M.; Rybiński, P.; Sowińska-Baranowska, A.
Hydroxyapatite-Filled Acrylonitrile–Butadiene Rubber Composites with Improved Cure Characteristics and Reduced Flammability. Materials 2024, 17, 3718.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153718
AMA Style
Maciejewska M, Rybiński P, Sowińska-Baranowska A.
Hydroxyapatite-Filled Acrylonitrile–Butadiene Rubber Composites with Improved Cure Characteristics and Reduced Flammability. Materials. 2024; 17(15):3718.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153718
Chicago/Turabian Style
Maciejewska, Magdalena, Przemysław Rybiński, and Anna Sowińska-Baranowska.
2024. "Hydroxyapatite-Filled Acrylonitrile–Butadiene Rubber Composites with Improved Cure Characteristics and Reduced Flammability" Materials 17, no. 15: 3718.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153718
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