Study on the Binding Behavior of Chloride Ion and Ettringite in Nano-Metakaolin Cement by Seawater Mixing and Curing Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Specimen-Matching Ratio and Production
2.2.1. Mix Ratio of Specimens
2.2.2. Specimen Preparation Process
2.3. Test Methods
2.3.1. XRD
2.3.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG)
2.3.3. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
2.3.4. Mercury-Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Chloride Concentration on Friedel’s Salt and AFt
3.2. Effect of Curing Temperature on AFt and Friedel’s Salt
3.3. Effect of Nano-Metakaolin Content on AFt and Friedel’s Salt
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- With the increase of chloride content, Friedel’s salt and AFt production increased. The amount of Friedel’s salt produced in samples with 1% and 2% chloride ion concen-trations was 2.8 × 10−2 mg/g and 3.9 × 10−2 mg/g at 3 days, and 4.6 × 10−2 mg/g and 9.7 × 10−2 mg/g at 28 days. At 28 days, delayed AFt production increased by 26.29% and 27.95%, and the length and diameter of ettringite crystals increased. After adding chlorine salt, the porosity of the cement paste was reduced, and the pore size was refined. The denser the pore structure, the greater the internal force caused by delayed AFt, which increases the probability of cement base cracking and adversely affects durability.
- (2)
- Increasing curing temperature can increase the amount of Friedel’s salt and decrease the amount of delayed AFt. After 28 days of high-temperature curing, Friedel’s salt production increased by 13.04%, delayed AFt production decreased by 9.68%, and the length and diameter of the ettringite crystal decreased. Increasing the curing temperature also reduces the porosity of the cement paste and refines the pore size. On the one hand, increasing curing temperature can increase the amount of chlorine-separation bonding. On the other hand, it can reduce the adverse effects of delayed AFt.
- (3)
- The addition of nano-metakaolin can increase the amount of Friedel’s salt and decrease the amount of delayed AFt. When 5% nano-metakaolin was added at 28 days, Friedel’s salt production increased by 14.34%, ettringite production decreased by 7.93%, and the length and diameter of AFt crystals decreased. Adding nano-metakaolin can reduce the formation of delayed AFt and reduce the harm of delayed AFt.
- (4)
- Increasing the curing temperature and adding nano-metakaolin can mitigate the adverse effects of delayed AFt. The effect of seawater mixing on cement hydration reaction is complex. In this paper, only the effect of chloride ions in seawater on the hydration reaction of cement is studied, and the effect of other ions in seawater is ignored. Some factors such as the existence of a certain number of magazines affect the performance of nano-metakaolin. Therefore, more research is needed to understand the effect of seawater on cement hydration and the application of nano-metakaolin in cement-based materials.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxide (wt.%) | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 59.31 | 21.90 | 6.26 | 3.79 | 1.63 | 7.11 |
NMK | 0.10 | 46.82 | 50.46 | 0.44 | 0.13 | 2.05 |
Sample | Cement/g | NMK/g | Water/g | Chloride Ion Concentrations/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
NC3C0 | 485 | 15 | 200 | 0 |
NC3C1 | 485 | 15 | 200 | 1 |
NC3C2 | 485 | 15 | 200 | 2 |
NC0C1 | 500 | 0 | 200 | 1 |
NC5C1 | 475 | 25 | 200 | 1 |
Sample | Porosity/% | Average Pore Size/nm | Median Pore Size/nm | Most Probable Pore Size/nm |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 days NC3C0 | 33.07 | 27.50 | 59.74 | 62.51 |
3 days NC3C1 | 32.45 | 22.90 | 43.58 | 55.74 |
3 days NC3C2 | 31.72 | 23.43 | 45.80 | 55.76 |
28 days NC3C0 | 30.88 | 22.31 | 41.12 | 62.48 |
28 days NC3C1 | 27.29 | 20.02 | 31.81 | 55.75 |
28 days NC3C2 | 26.40 | 21.24 | 38.29 | 69.05 |
Sample | Porosity/% | Average Pore Size/nm | Median Pore Size/nm | Most Probable Pore Size/nm |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 days 5 °C | 34.96 | 29.64 | 60.15 | 55.75 |
3 days 20 °C | 32.45 | 22.90 | 43.58 | 55.74 |
3 days 50 °C | 22.49 | 13.34 | 16.22 | 21.10 |
28 days 5 °C | 32.85 | 27.08 | 56.51 | 55.77 |
28 days 20 °C | 27.29 | 20.02 | 31.81 | 55.75 |
28 days 50 °C | 21.26 | 10.31 | 10.00 | 9.06 |
Sample | Porosity/% | Average Pore Size/nm | Median Pore Size/nm | Most Probable Pore Size/nm |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 days NC0C1 | 28.03 | 18.05 | 24.51 | 40.27 |
3 days NC3C1 | 31.96 | 30.11 | 62.85 | 55.77 |
3 days NC5C1 | 32.45 | 22.90 | 43.58 | 55.74 |
28 days NC0C1 | 21.70 | 12.55 | 14.17 | 5.48 |
28 days NC3C1 | 23.07 | 18.63 | 29.67 | 39.02 |
28 days NC5C1 | 24.29 | 20.02 | 31.81 | 55.75 |
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Fang, Z.; Zhang, S.; Qi, W.; Fan, Y.; Shah, S.P.; Zheng, J. Study on the Binding Behavior of Chloride Ion and Ettringite in Nano-Metakaolin Cement by Seawater Mixing and Curing Temperatures. Materials 2024, 17, 3943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163943
Fang Z, Zhang S, Qi W, Fan Y, Shah SP, Zheng J. Study on the Binding Behavior of Chloride Ion and Ettringite in Nano-Metakaolin Cement by Seawater Mixing and Curing Temperatures. Materials. 2024; 17(16):3943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163943
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Zhisheng, Shiyi Zhang, Wenjie Qi, Yingfang Fan, Surendra P. Shah, and Junjie Zheng. 2024. "Study on the Binding Behavior of Chloride Ion and Ettringite in Nano-Metakaolin Cement by Seawater Mixing and Curing Temperatures" Materials 17, no. 16: 3943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163943