Electrochemical Noise Analysis: An Approach to the Effectivity of Each Method in Different Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Microstructural Characterization
2.3. Electrochemical Testing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Electrochemical Noise (EN)
3.1.1. Time-Domain Analysis
3.1.2. Frequency-Domain Analysis
Power Spectral Density and Noise Impedance (Zn)
3.1.3. Time-Frequency Domain Analysis
Wavelets Analysis
Hilbert–Huang Transform Analysis and Recurrence Plots
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- This study concludes that statistical and slope (PSD) analysis present limitations in determining the corrosion type and some corrosion processes. This can be attributed to the complexity of the EN signal. It is the divergences that determine the type of corrosion that occurs in alloys.
- Statistical analysis presented limitations in all the analyses; localization index, kurtosis, and skewness showed different results in all the analyses. Some authors attribute this to the presence of different corrosion processes in the system; however, it can be confusing and speculative. For that reason, it is important to use a different method to determine the corrosion process in a material.
- The analysis of wavelets presented better results in determining corrosion type compared with statistical and PSD (slope) methods; however, the limitation of analyzing different types of signals limits this method.
- The analysis by HHT and RP presented the best results for determining the corrosion process and type. This is because methods present several advantages to analyzing chaotic signals. Hence, HHT and RP are recommended for analyzing EN signals more than statistical, wavelet, or slope methods. That is because of the nature of the corrosion signal; it is a complex signal, and the EN should be analyzed with the correct tools. The results converged with the results presented by the different authors mentioned in the discussion.
- It is important to complement the results of determinism and RR with the RPs as a visual reference. This is due to the results of DET and RR when a passive and a pitting system are presented. The pitting process presents DET values from 0.5 to 0.8 as well as a passivation system, but the graphic system is different. In passivation, a dot system is present, while in the pitting system, there are horizontal and vertical lines.
- In the HHT and RPs methods, the transition of corrosion processes as the break and regeneration of the passive layer, as well as the pitting generation of the predominance of a uniform process, can be observed. At HHT, the breaking of the passive layer is shown with energy at high frequencies and energy accumulation at low frequencies at subsequent seconds of energy presented at high frequencies.
- The use of Rn and Zn to determine corrosion resistance can be accepted, and they presented similar results. The higher values were obtained by Ti C2 and Ti-6Al-4V exposed in H2SO4 with 271,851 and 325,751 Ω·cm2 by Rn and 742,824 and 939,575 Ω·cm2 by Zn. Although the values are not the same, Rn and Zn can be considered homologues.
- It is important to define a method for correct EN analysis. If one analysis is correct, it can easily be applied to study neuronal networks or machine learning.
- EN is a powerful technique that can be employed in situ due to its non-destructive properties. Also, using this technique to detect different corrosion systems and some galvanic couples in the alloy phase is helpful for a correct alloy design.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloys | Rn (Ω·cm2) | LI | Corrosion Type | Kurtosis | Corrosion Type | Skewness | Corrosion Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
304 SS | 54,772 ± 11 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | Mix | 4.5 ± 0.8 | Loc | −1 ± 0.2 | Uni |
316 SS | 66,621 ± 10 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | Loc | 26 ± 2 | Loc | −29 ± 0.8 | Loc |
Inconel 718 | 57,745 ± 8 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | Loc | 12 ± 1.2 | Loc | 1 ± 0.5 | Loc |
1018 CS | 2817 ± 14 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | Mix | 4 ± 1.0 | Loc | 0 ± 0.7 | Uni |
AA 2024 | 43,856 ± 9 | 0.28 ± 0.1 | Loc | 4 ± 0.6 | Loc | −1 ± 0.3 | Uni |
AA 2055 | 15,212 ± 20 | 0.18 ± 0.07 | Loc | 72 ± 3 | Loc | −4 ± 0.8 | Loc |
AA 6061 | 170,057 ± 24 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | Mix | 22 ± 2.6 | Loc | −2 ± 0.9 | Loc |
AM350 | 76,329 ± 13 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | Mix | 69 ± 4 | Loc | −4 ± 1.2 | Loc |
Custom450 | 17,038 ± 24 | 0.16 ± 0.12 | Loc | 87 ± 6 | Loc | 5 ± 0.9 | Loc |
Ti-6Al-4V | 175,051 ± 29 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | Mixt | 188 ± 5 | Loc | −0 ± 0.3 | Uni |
Ti CP2 | 204,605 ± 24 | 0.36 ± 0.08 | Loc | 6 ± 1.5 | Loc | −0 ± 0.6 | Uni |
Ultimet | 75,342 ± 26 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | Loc | 538 ± 7 | Loc | 13 ± 1.1 | Loc |
Waspaloy | 14,451 ± 14 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | Mix | 10 ± 1.3 | Loc | −17 ± 1.4 | Loc |
Alloys | Rn (Ω·cm2) | LI | Corrosion Type | Kurtosis | Corrosion Type | Skewness | Corrosion Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
304 SS | 326 ± 5 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | Mix | 3 ± 0.8 | Uni | 0 ± 0.2 | Uni |
316 SS | 1208 ± 15 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | Mix | 6 ± 0.2 | Loc | −0 ± 0.7 | Uni |
Inconel 718 | 90,112 ± 20 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | Loc | 32 ± 1.5 | Loc | −4 ± 0.3 | Loc |
1018 CS | 130 ± 8 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | Mix | 14 ± 1.1 | Loc | −2 ± 0.1 | Loc |
AA 2024 | 249 ± 12 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | Mix | 15 ± 1.7 | Loc | 1 ± 0.1 | Uni |
AA 2055 | 3564 ± 29 | 0.009 ± 0.001 | Uni | 3 ± 1.3 | Uni | −0 ± 0.3 | Uni |
AA 6061 | 2384 ± 20 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | Loc | 6 ± 0.8 | Loc | −0 ± 0.3 | Loc |
AM350 | 12,563 ± 24 | 0.02 ± 0.004 | Mix | 14 ± 0.7 | Loc | 0 ± 0.6 | Uni |
Custom450 | 4484 ± 33 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | Mix | 15 ± 0.5 | Loc | −2 ± 0.2 | Loc |
Ti-6Al-4V | 325,751 ± 16 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | Loc | 6 ± 0.3 | Loc | −0 ± 0.5 | Uni |
Ti CP2 | 271,851 ± 123 | 0.04 ± 0.005 | Mix | 4 ± 1.2 | Loc | 0 ± 0.2 | Uni |
Ultimet | 25,560 ± 37 | 0.5 ± 0.04 | Loc | 28 ± 2.5 | Loc | −3 ± 0.7 | Loc |
Waspaloy | 6356 ± 57 | 0.01 ± | Mix | 16 ± 1.1 | Loc | −1 ± 0.6 | Loc |
NaCl Solution | H2SO4 Solution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alloys | Slope (dBi) | Limit Frequency | Zn (Ω·cm2) | Alloys | Slope (dBi) | Limit Frequency | Zn (Ω·cm2) |
304 SS | −14 ± 1 | −130 ± 12 | 63,123 ± 70 | 304 SS | −15 ± 1.2 | −109 ± 5 | 612 ± 12 |
316 SS | −12 ± 0.8 | −140 ± 15 | 183,756 ± 122 | 316 SS | −17 ± 1 | −100 ± 3 | 1129 ± 67 |
Inconel 718 | −13 ± 1.1 | −130 ± 9 | 85,956 ± 130 | Inconel 718 | −10 ± 1.1 | −133 ± 8 | 268,894 ± 50 |
1018 CS | −17 ± 1.2 | −106 ± 14 | 1342 ± 27 | 1018 CS | −9 ± 0.5 | −106 ± 4 | 136 ± 8 |
AA 2024 | −15 ± 0.7 | −122 ± 11 | 109,304 ± 159 | AA 2024 | −11 ± 0.4 | −107 ± 8 | 2493 ± 36 |
AA 2055 | −2 ± 0.5 | −119 ± 8 | 36,459 ± 98 | AA 2055 | −15 ± 0.3 | −121 ± 2 | 2567 ± 38 |
AA 6061 | −6 ± 0.9 | −145 ± 10 | 162,779 ± 211 | AA 6061 | −10 ± 0.7 | −115 ± 9 | 5983 ± 69 |
AM350 | −5 ± 0.3 | −138 ± 14 | 46,864 ± 136 | AM350 | −7 ± 0.4 | −123 ± 10 | 11,072 ± 96 |
Custom450 | −2 ± 0.2 | −123 ± 13 | 3242 ± 67 | Custom450 | −19 ± 1.3 | −122 ± 9 | 1793 ± 82 |
Ti-6Al-4V | −12 ± 0.4 | −155 ± 13 | 223,794 ± 177 | Ti-6Al-4V | −12 ± 0.9 | −140 ± 11 | 939,575 ± 241 |
Ti CP2 | −13 ± 0.8 | −128 ± 10 | 222,411 ± 389 | Ti CP2 | −9 ± 0.4 | −154 ± 13 | 742,824 ± 265 |
Ultimet | −4 ± 0.5 | −151 ± 17 | 59,992 ± 450 | Ultimet | −4 ± 0.2 | −135 ± 7 | 34,595 ± 76 |
Waspaloy | −5 ± 0.8 | −123 ± 15 | 9656 ± 87 | Waspaloy | −11 ± 0.3 | −119 ± 9 | 2328 ± 53 |
NaCl Solution | H2SO4 Solution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alloys | RR | Det | RR/Det | Alloy | RR | Det | RR/Det |
304 SS | 0.067 ± 0.002 | 0.985 ± 0.002 | 0.067 ± 0.002 | 304 SS | 0.028 ± 0.002 | 0.953 ± 0.001 | 0.029 ± 0.002 |
316 SS | 0.155 ± 0.03 | 0.989 ± 0.03 | 0.156 ± 0.03 | 316 SS | 0.042 ± 0.004 | 0.970 ± 0.003 | 0.042 ± 0.003 |
Inconel 718 | 0.101 ± 0.07 | 0.975 ± 0.06 | 0.103 ± 0.07 | Inconel 718 | 0.056 ± 0.003 | 0.802 ± 0.004 | 0.062 ± 0.004 |
1018 CS | 0.042 ± 0.09 | 0.963 ± 0.07 | 0.044 ± 0.08 | 1018 CS | 0.011 ± 0.003 | 0.642 ± 0.002 | 0.017 ± 0.003 |
AA 2024 | 0.017 ± 0.008 | 0.809 ± 0.007 | 0.021 ± 0.008 | AA 2024 | 0.172 ± 0.004 | 0.990 ± 0.004 | 0.171 ± 0.004 |
AA 2055 | 0.171 ± 0.08 | 0.992 ± 0.06 | 0.173 ± 0.07 | AA 2055 | 0.026 ± 0.004 | 0.800 ± 0.003 | 0.028 ± 0.003 |
AA 6061 | 0.001 ± 0.0002 | 0.269 ± 0.0001 | 0.004 ± 0.0002 | AA 6061 | 0.025 ± 0.003 | 0.932 ± 0.003 | 0.030 ± 0.003 |
AM350 | 0.029 ± 0.005 | 0.802 ± 0.005 | 0.036 ± 0.005 | AM350 | 0.058 ± 0.003 | 0.956 ± 0.001 | 0.060 ± 0.002 |
CUSTOM450 | 0.095 ± 0.002 | 0.990 ± 0.003 | 0.096 0.003 | CUSTOM450 | 0.048 ± 0.007 | 0.958 ± 0.008 | 0.051 ± 0.008 |
Ti-6Al-4V | 0.076 ± 0.001 | 0.960 ± 0.002 | 0.079 ± 0.002 | Ti-6Al-4V | 0.017 ± 0.004 | 0.759 ± 0.005 | 0.022 ± 0.005 |
Ti CP2 | 0.085 ± 0.007 | 0.986 ± 0.009 | 0.086 ± 0.008 | Ti CP2 | 0.002 ± 0.003 | 0.393 ± 0.002 | 0.006 ± 0.003 |
Ultimet | 0.039 ± 0.004 | 0.907 ± 0.003 | 0.043 ± 0.003 | Ultimet | 0.013 ± 0.007 | 0.544 ± 0.008 | 0.025 ± 0.008 |
Waspaloy | 0.099 ± 0.002 | 0.967 ± 0.001 | 0.102 ± 0.001 | Waspaloy | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.064 ± 0.001 | 0.123 ± 0.001 |
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Jáquez-Muñoz, J.M.; Gaona-Tiburcio, C.; Méndez-Ramírez, C.T.; Martínez-Ramos, C.; Baltazar-Zamora, M.A.; Santiago-Hurtado, G.; Estupinan-Lopez, F.; Landa-Ruiz, L.; Nieves-Mendoza, D.; Almeraya-Calderon, F. Electrochemical Noise Analysis: An Approach to the Effectivity of Each Method in Different Materials. Materials 2024, 17, 4013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164013
Jáquez-Muñoz JM, Gaona-Tiburcio C, Méndez-Ramírez CT, Martínez-Ramos C, Baltazar-Zamora MA, Santiago-Hurtado G, Estupinan-Lopez F, Landa-Ruiz L, Nieves-Mendoza D, Almeraya-Calderon F. Electrochemical Noise Analysis: An Approach to the Effectivity of Each Method in Different Materials. Materials. 2024; 17(16):4013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164013
Chicago/Turabian StyleJáquez-Muñoz, Jesús Manuel, Citlalli Gaona-Tiburcio, Ce Tochtli Méndez-Ramírez, Cynthia Martínez-Ramos, Miguel Angel Baltazar-Zamora, Griselda Santiago-Hurtado, Francisco Estupinan-Lopez, Laura Landa-Ruiz, Demetrio Nieves-Mendoza, and Facundo Almeraya-Calderon. 2024. "Electrochemical Noise Analysis: An Approach to the Effectivity of Each Method in Different Materials" Materials 17, no. 16: 4013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164013