Hydroxyapatite-Based Natural Biopolymer Composite for Tissue Regeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hydroxyapatite Structure
3. Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite
3.1. Dry Methods
3.2. Wet Methods
3.3. High-Temperature Processes
4. Hydroxyapatite from Biowaste Materials
4.1. Eggshells
4.2. Mammalian Bones
4.3. Marine Source
5. Composite of Natural Biopolymer and Hydroxyapatite
5.1. Collagen
5.2. Gelatin
5.3. Chitosan
5.4. Fibrin
5.5. Cellulose
5.6. Alginate
5.7. Hyaluronic Acid
6. Conclusions and Future Prospectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound Name | Chemical Formula | Ca/P Ratio | Solubility at 25 °C (g/L) | pH Stability Range at 25 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|
Monocalcium phosphate anhydrate (MCP or MCPA) | Ca(H2PO4) | 0.5 | ~18 | 0.0–2.0 |
Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) | Ca(H2PO4)2⋅H2O | 0.5 | ~17 | a |
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), mineral brushite | CaHPO42H2O | 1.0 | ~0.0088 | 2.0–6.0 |
Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA or DCP), mineral monetite | CaHPO4 | 1.0 | ~0.048 | a |
Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) | Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)45H2O | 1.33 | ~0.0081 | 5.5–7.0 |
a-Tricalcium phosphate (a-TCP) | α-Ca3(PO4)2 | 1.5 | ~0.0025 | c |
b-Tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) | β-Ca3(PO4)2 | 1.5 | ~0.0005 | c |
Amorphous calcium phosphates (ACPs) | CaxHy(PO4)z⋅nH2O, n = 3–4.5, 15–20% H2O | 1.2–2.2 | b | ~5–12 |
Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) | Ca10−x(HPO4)x(PO4)6−x (OH)2−x (0 ˂ x ˂ 2) | 1.5–1.67 | ~0.0094 | 6.5–9.52 |
Hydroxyapatite (HA, HAp) | Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 | 1.67 | ~0.0003 | 9.5–12 |
Fluorapatite (FA or FAp) | Ca10(PO4)6F2 | 1.67 | ~0.0002 | 7–12 |
Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP or TCP) | Ca4(PO4)2O | 2.0 | ~0.0007 | c |
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Alkaron, W.; Almansoori, A.; Balázsi, K.; Balázsi, C. Hydroxyapatite-Based Natural Biopolymer Composite for Tissue Regeneration. Materials 2024, 17, 4117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164117
Alkaron W, Almansoori A, Balázsi K, Balázsi C. Hydroxyapatite-Based Natural Biopolymer Composite for Tissue Regeneration. Materials. 2024; 17(16):4117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164117
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlkaron, Wasan, Alaa Almansoori, Katalin Balázsi, and Csaba Balázsi. 2024. "Hydroxyapatite-Based Natural Biopolymer Composite for Tissue Regeneration" Materials 17, no. 16: 4117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164117