Chloride Penetration of Surface-Coated Concrete: Review and Outlook
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Protection Mechanism of Surface Coating
2.1. Chloride Erosion Mechanism in Concrete
2.2. Improvement Mechanism of Surface Coating on Chloride Resistance of Concrete
2.3. Measurement Methods for Chloride Resistance of Concrete
3. Chloride Resistance of Surface-Coated Concrete
3.1. Inorganic Coatings
Ref. | Coating Type | w/c | Chloride Diffusion Coefficient (D = 10−12 m2/s)/Electric Flux (C) | Test Method | Control Group | Coating Process |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[43] | Calcium–silicate compound M1 | 0.485 | 0.3D | SMM | 2.3D | Spraying |
[43] | Calcium–silicate compound-M2.45 | 0.485 | 1.8D | SMM | 6.5D | Spraying |
[40] | Aqueous sodium silicate—N | 0.48 | 8993C | RCPT | 13219C | Brushing |
[40] | Aqueous sodium silicate—OW | 0.48 | 7238C | RCPT | Brushing | |
[44] | Ethyl silicate | 0.65 | 0.3D | RCMT | 20.4D | Brushing |
[44] | Ethyl silicate | 0.45 | 0.1D | RCMT | 7.6D | Brushing |
[18] | Alkali-activated/cement powder -S/H ratio of 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.081D | RCMT | 6.212D | - |
[18] | Alkali-activated/cement powder -S/H ratio of 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.192D | RCMT | 6.212D | - |
[61] | Graphene oxide (26.2 μg/cm2) | 0.5 | 1.52D | SSM | 1.59D | Spraying |
5.84D | RCMT | 6.08D | ||||
[61] | Graphene oxide (52.4 μg/cm2) | 0.5 | 1.36D | SSM | 1.59D | Spraying |
5.65D | RCMT | 6.08D | ||||
[61] | Graphene oxide (78.6 μg/cm2) | 0.5 | 1.03D | SSM | 1.59D | Spraying |
3.85D | RCMT | 6.08D | ||||
[61] | Graphene oxide (104.8 μg/cm2) | 0.5 | 0.55D | SSM | 1.59D | Spraying |
3.63D | RCMT | 6.08D | ||||
[61] | Graphene oxide (131.1 μg/cm2) | 0.5 | 0.39D | SSM | 1.59D | Spraying |
2.97D | RCMT | 6.08D | ||||
[49] | Silane | 0.6 | 11.5D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
1788C | OVF | |||||
[49] | silane/nano-clay (5%) | 0.6 | 4.88D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
832C | OVF | |||||
[49] | silane/nano-clay (10%) | 0.6 | 4.86D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
785C | OVF | |||||
[49] | silane/nano-silica (5%) | 0.6 | 7.14D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
1012C | OVF | |||||
[49] | silane/nano-silica (10%) | 0.6 | 11.30D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
1530C | OVF | |||||
[49] | Silane | 0.4 | 5.33D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
963C | 4015C | |||||
[49] | silane/nano-clay (5%) | 0.4 | 3.13D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
425C | 4015C | |||||
[49] | silane/nano-clay (10%) | 0.4 | 3.64D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
488C | 4015C | |||||
[49] | silane/nano-silica (5%) | 0.4 | 3.29D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
466C | 4015C | |||||
[49] | silane/nano-silica (10%) | 0.4 | 4.44D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
609C | 4015C | |||||
[6] | Silane/siloxane dispersed in water | 0.52 | 3.13D | RCPT | 3.45D | Soaking |
[6] | Silane/siloxane dispersed in solvent | 0.52 | 2.85D | RCPT | 3.45D | Soaking |
[50] | Silane | 0.6 | 268C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[50] | silane/nano-clay (2.5%) | 0.6 | 641C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[50] | silane/nano-clay (5%) | 0.6 | 750C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[50] | silane/nano-CaCO3 (2.5%) | 0.6 | 488C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[50] | silane/nano-CaCO3 (5%) | 0.6 | 726C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[50] | Silane | 0.4 | 211C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[50] | silane/nano-clay (2.5%) | 0.4 | 307C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[50] | silane/nano-clay (5%) | 0.4 | 336C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[50] | silane/nano-CaCO3 (2.5%) | 0.4 | 378C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[50] | silane/nano-CaCO3 (5%) | 0.4 | 596C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[10] | silane | 0.6 | 229C | RCPT | 2745C | Brushing |
[62] | Alkyl alkoxysilane | 0.45 | 8.7D | FT | 9.0D | / |
3.2. Organic Coatings
Ref. | Coating Type | w/c | Chloride Diffusion Coefficient (D = 10−12 m2/s)/Electric Flux (C) | Test Method | Control Group | Coating Process |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[63] | Acrylic coating | 0.6 | 6.53D | RCMT | 14.4D | / |
[63] | Epoxy coating | 0.6 | 0D | RCMT | 14.4D | / |
[63] | Acrylic coating | 0.4 | 3.86D | RCMT | 6.9D | / |
[63] | Epoxy coating | 0.4 | 0D | RCMT | 6.9D | / |
[64] | Acrylic coating, AC1 | 0.45 | 2.08D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[64] | Acrylic coating, AC2 | 0.45 | 3.49D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[64] | Polymer emulsion coating, PE1 | 0.45 | 8.40D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[64] | Polymer emulsion coating, PE2 | 0.45 | 15.97D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[64] | Epoxy coating, EP1 | 0.45 | 7.67D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[64] | Epoxy coating, EP2 | 0.45 | 2.59D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[64] | Polyurethane coating, PU1 | 0.45 | 1.83D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[64] | Polyurethane coating, PU2 | 0.45 | 0.70D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[64] | Chlorinated rubber coating, CR1 | 0.45 | 9.56D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[64] | Chlorinated rubber coating, CR2 | 0.45 | 8.40D | IT | 19.18D | / |
[62] | Acrylic sealant | 0.45 | 11.2D | FT | 9.0D | Brushing |
[62] | Polyurethane sealant | 0.45 | 8.8D | FT | 9.0D | Brushing |
[62] | Acrylic coating | 0.45 | 9.0D | FT | 9.0D | Brushing |
[62] | Polyurethane coating | 0.45 | 4.7D | FT | 9.0D | Brushing |
[65] | Polyurethane–SiO2 (0%) | 0.6 | 2110C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Polyurethane–SiO2 (1%) | 0.6 | 1780C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Polyurethane–SiO2 (2%) | 0.6 | 1520C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Polyurethane–SiO2 (3%) | 0.6 | 1470C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Epoxy resin–SiO2 (0%) | 0.6 | 610C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Epoxy resin–SiO2 (1%) | 0.6 | 450C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Epoxy resin–SiO2 (2%) | 0.6 | 390C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Epoxy resin–SiO2 (3%) | 0.6 | 430C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Polyurethane–TiO2 (0%) | 0.6 | 2110C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Polyurethane–TiO2 (1%) | 0.6 | 1670C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Polyurethane–TiO2 (2%) | 0.6 | 1480C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Polyurethane–TiO2 (3%) | 0.6 | 1720C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Epoxy resin–TiO2 (0%) | 0.6 | 610C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Epoxy resin–TiO2 (1%) | 0.6 | 460C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Epoxy resin–TiO2 (2%) | 0.6 | 430C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[65] | Epoxy resin–TiO2 (3%) | 0.6 | 490C | RCPT | / | Spraying |
[66] | Epoxy coating—submicron/nano carbon (0%) | 0.45 | 102D | PT | 134D | Soaking |
[66] | Epoxy coating—submicron/nano carbon (0.25%) | 0.45 | 98D | PT | 134D | Soaking |
[66] | Epoxy coating—submicron/nano carbon (0.5%) | 0.45 | 92D | PT | 134D | Soaking |
[66] | Epoxy coating—submicron/nano carbon (0.75%) | 0.45 | 78D | PT | 134D | Soaking |
[66] | Epoxy coating—submicron/nano carbon (1.0%) | 0.45 | 70D | PT | 134D | Soaking |
[67] | Modified acrylic styrene emulsion | 0.5 | 5.944D | RCMT | 7.799D | / |
[10] | epoxy glass flake paint | 0.6 | 752C | RCPT | 2745C | Brushing |
[10] | Polyurethane paint | 0.6 | 550C | RCPT | 2745C | Brushing |
[46] | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) | 0.6 | 17.5D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
2981C | OVF | |||||
[46] | PMMA/nano-clay (5%) | 0.6 | 4.88D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
832C | OVF | |||||
[46] | PMMA/nano-clay (10%) | 0.6 | 4.86D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
785C | OVF | |||||
[46] | PMMA/nano-silica (5%) | 0.6 | 7.14D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
1012C | OVF | |||||
[46] | PMMA/nano-silica (10%) | 0.6 | 11.30D | RCPT | 97.28D | Brushing |
1530C | OVF | |||||
[46] | Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) | 0.4 | 11.87D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
1785C | 4015C | |||||
[46] | PMMA/nano-clay (5%) | 0.4 | 4.00D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
569C | 4015C | |||||
[46] | PMMA/nano-clay (10%) | 0.4 | 5.78D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
826C | 4015C | |||||
[46] | PMMA/nano-silica (5%) | 0.4 | 4.70D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
761C | 4015C | |||||
[46] | PMMA/nano-silica (10%) | 0.4 | 10.38D | RCPT | 20.93D | Brushing |
1542C | 4015C | |||||
[47] | Vinyl ester | 0.6 | 4485C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[47] | Vinyl ester/nano-clay (2.5%) | 0.6 | 63C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[47] | Vinyl ester/nano-clay (5%) | 0.6 | 153C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[47] | Vinyl ester/nano-CaCO3 (2.5%) | 0.6 | 74C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[47] | Vinyl ester/nano-CaCO3 (5%) | 0.6 | 44C | RCPT | OVF | Brushing |
[47] | Vinyl ester | 0.4 | 1576C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[47] | Vinyl ester/nano-clay (2.5%) | 0.4 | 10C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[47] | Vinyl ester/nano-clay (5%) | 0.4 | 66C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[47] | Vinyl ester/nano-CaCO3 (2.5%) | 0.4 | 34C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[47] | Vinyl ester/nano-CaCO3 (5%) | 0.4 | 23C | RCPT | 2326C | Brushing |
[68] | TA coating (Fe(III))—self-polymerization | 0.5 | 4.97D | RCPT | 5.2D | Soaking |
1163C | 1617C | |||||
[68] | TA coating (Fe(III))—one step method | 0.5 | 4.18D | RCPT | 5.2D | Soaking |
1114C | 1617C | |||||
[68] | TA coating (Fe(III))—multi-step method | 0.5 | 4.13D | RCPT | 5.2D | Soaking |
1249C | 1617C | |||||
[9] | TA-APTES-HDTMS (1%) | 0.5 | 779C | RCPT | 1657.81C | Soaking |
[9] | TA-APTES-HDTMS (3%) | 0.5 | 554C | RCPT | 1657.81C | Soaking |
[9] | TA-APTES-HDTMS (5%) | 0.5 | 494C | RCPT | 1657.81C | Soaking |
[9] | TA-APTES-HDTMS (7%) | 0.5 | 429C | RCPT | 1657.81C | Soaking |
[9] | TA-APTES-HDTMS (10%) | 0.5 | 391C | RCPT | 1657.81C | Soaking |
[9] | TA-APTES-HDTMS (15%) | 0.5 | 367C | RCPT | 1657.81C | Soaking |
[69] | D-CO2-monoethanolamine (MEA) (10%) | 0.35 | 10.7D | RCPT | 13.3D | / |
296.09C | 339.07C | |||||
[69] | D-CO2-monoethanolamine (MEA) (30%) | 0.35 | 9.1D | RCPT | 13.3D | / |
285.16C | 339.07C | |||||
[69] | F-CO2-monoethanolamine (MEA) (10%) | 0.35 | 13.6D | RCPT | 13.3D | / |
336.30C | 339.07C | |||||
[69] | F-CO2-monoethanolamine (MEA) (30%) | 0.35 | 13.5D | RCPT | 13.3D | / |
336.00C | 339.07C | |||||
[69] | D-CO2-monoethanolamine (MEA) (10%) | 0.4 | 13.0D | RCPT | 18.1D | / |
339.10C | 458.9C | |||||
[69] | D-CO2-monoethanolamine (MEA) (30%) | 0.4 | 12.4D | RCPT | 18.1D | / |
293.77C | 458.9C | |||||
[69] | D-CO2-monoethanolamine (MEA) (10%) | 0.5 | 19.0D | RCPT | 20.4D | / |
440.86C | 539.43C | |||||
[69] | D-CO2-monoethanolamine (MEA) (30%) | 0.5 | 18.2D | RCPT | 20.4D 539.43D | / |
3.3. Organic–Inorganic Composite Coatings
Ref. | Coating Type | w/c | Chloride Diffusion Coefficient (D = 10−12 m2/s)/Electric Flux (C) | Test Method | Control Group | Coating Process |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[10] | Cement-based permeable crystallization waterproof coating | 0.6 | 279C | RCPT | 2745C | Brushing |
[62] | Two-component acrylic-modified cementitious coating | 0.45 | 4.7D | FT | 9.0D | Brushing |
[72] | Acrylic–cementitious coating (PC ratio of 0.35) | 0.65 | 0.50D | SSM | 8.03D | / |
[72] | Acrylic–cementitious coating (PC ratio of 0.55) | 0.65 | 0.28D | SSM | 8.03D | / |
[72] | Acrylic–cementitious coating (PC ratio of 0.35) | 0.5 | 0.13D | SSM | 2.41D | / |
[72] | Acrylic–cementitious coating (PC ratio of 0.55) | 0.5 | 0.15D | SSM | 2.41D | / |
[73] | Silicone-modified polyacrylate-modified cement-based coating | / | 2665.42C | RCPT | 4054.00C | / |
[73] | silicone-modified polyacrylate-modified cement-based coating incorporating polypropylene fiber | / | 2070.64C | RCPT | 4054.00C | / |
4. Modeling Chloride Penetration into Surface-Coated Concrete
5. Outlook
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liao, J.; Wang, Y.; Sun, X.; Wang, Y. Chloride Penetration of Surface-Coated Concrete: Review and Outlook. Materials 2024, 17, 4121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164121
Liao J, Wang Y, Sun X, Wang Y. Chloride Penetration of Surface-Coated Concrete: Review and Outlook. Materials. 2024; 17(16):4121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164121
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Jing, Yuchi Wang, Xiping Sun, and Yuanzhan Wang. 2024. "Chloride Penetration of Surface-Coated Concrete: Review and Outlook" Materials 17, no. 16: 4121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164121