An Evaluation of the Impact Effect on the Surface Microstructure and Its Induced Temperature Changes during Ultrasonic-Assisted Micro-Forging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment Set-Up and Materials
2.1. Design of the Micro-Forging Device
2.1.1. Ultrasonic-Assisted Micro-Forging Test System
2.1.2. Upper Mold of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Micro-Forging System
2.1.3. Lower Mold of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Micro-Forging System
2.1.4. Surface Temperature Monitoring System and the Specimen
2.2. Forging Test Conditions and Materials
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Evaluation of the Temperature Change under Different Amplitudes
3.2. Effect of Temperature on Surface Topography
3.3. The Microstructure Analysis
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- During ultrasonic-assisted microforging, ultrasonic energy is converted to heat on the surface of the material, causing an increase in temperature, where the average surface temperatures of aluminum, copper, and titanium increase from room temperature to approximately 35°, 41°, and 43°.
- (2)
- During the acoustic softening stage, the increase in temperature is very limited for all three materials, with only a change of almost 2° to 5°.
- (3)
- The rapid rise in surface temperature of each material occurs after the impact effect, and this temperature rise is enhanced by the increase in amplitude, as large amplitudes lead to larger strain rates.
- (4)
- Thermal softening due to the temperature increase caused by the impact effect leads to further softening of the FCC material surface compared to the acoustic softening phase. However, for the HCP material titanium, the impact-effect-induced work hardening has a greater influence than the thermal softening effect.
- (5)
- Microstructure evolutions show that the impact effect on FCC materials could reach deeper into the material due to the temperature diffusion compared to titanium. Also, during the impact effect stage, regenerated twinning, which is reduced under the influence of acoustic softening, consequently results in strain hardening on the surface of titanium.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | G (GPa) | E (GPa) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Original Ra (μm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | 26 | 69 | 237 | 643 | 5.6 |
Copper | 48 | 110 | 401 | 1083 | 2.9 |
Titanium | 44 | 116 | 21.9 | 1668 | 11.4 |
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Yin, Z.; Wan, W.; Yang, M. An Evaluation of the Impact Effect on the Surface Microstructure and Its Induced Temperature Changes during Ultrasonic-Assisted Micro-Forging. Materials 2024, 17, 4123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164123
Yin Z, Wan W, Yang M. An Evaluation of the Impact Effect on the Surface Microstructure and Its Induced Temperature Changes during Ultrasonic-Assisted Micro-Forging. Materials. 2024; 17(16):4123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164123
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Zidong, Weiqiang Wan, and Ming Yang. 2024. "An Evaluation of the Impact Effect on the Surface Microstructure and Its Induced Temperature Changes during Ultrasonic-Assisted Micro-Forging" Materials 17, no. 16: 4123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164123