Experimental and Numerical Study of Steel–Concrete Composite Beams Strengthened under Load
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Element Design
2.2. Numerical Model
2.3. Experimental Specimens
2.4. Steel
2.4.1. Material Tests
2.4.2. Material Model
2.5. Concrete
2.5.1. Material Tests
2.5.2. Material Model
2.6. Initial Assumptions
2.6.1. Cyclic Preload
- Ramp up to 100 kN in 200 s (speed—0.4 kN/s);
- Maintain the load for 200 s;
- Ramp down to 20 kN in 200 s (speed—0.4 kN/s);
- Maintain the load for 200 s.
2.6.2. Strengthening under Load
- The first step was the introduction of a preload, simulating the stress state of the structure before strengthening. This load was set in such a way that the ultimate limit state condition was maintained during each strengthening step. The welding of the structure, through rapid heating to significant temperatures, caused local weakening of the section. This can be taken into account in the calculation by assuming a reduced cross-sectional area. A force of 60 kN was taken as the preload. Together with the dead load, the assumed level of the preload results in 163 MPa of stress in the bottom flange of the steel beam (welding point) (Figure 11). After taking into account the reduction in stiffness during welding, the stresses increase to 228 MPa, which constitutes 97% of the allowable stress.
- The second stage was the strengthening process, which consisted of welding an additional plate to the bottom flange of the steel beam. The dimensions of the plate were optimised based on the energy parameters [50]. A plate with a section of 10 mm × 120 mm and a length of 3300 mm was adopted. Its location in the beam cross-section is shown in Figure 11. The strengthening plate was 20 mm wider than the bottom flange of the IPE200 beam to improve the quality of the fillet weld at the PB position.
- Once the strengthening process was complete and the structure had cooled completely, the load was increased until the yielding and failure of the models. This approach allowed the recording of the plastic load-bearing capacity of the beam resulting from the full redistribution of stresses between the reinforced element and the strengthening. The failure mechanism of the beam was also determined.
2.7. Numerical Analysis
2.8. Experimental Tests
3. Results
3.1. Displacement
3.2. Strains
3.3. Discussion
4. Summary and Conclusions
- The use of the Abaqus software package allowed the precise simulation of the behaviour of the composite element, with a clear division into the brittle concrete part and the plastic steel part. Particularly, the Concrete Damage Plasticity Model was useful. The model allows for a non-linear description of the properties of concrete, independently in the analysis of compression and tension. In addition, it provides the possibility to model the stiffness degradation of concrete in the critical range and the cracking of the material.
- Owing to the functions available in Abaqus, the process of strengthening the structure under load was modelled. From a numerical analysis point of view, this is a non-standard task, as it requires a change in the model geometry (addition of a strengthening plate) during calculation.
- The numerical model allows the reinforced member to be tested over the full load range, including its yielding and stress redistribution between the element and the strengthening plate.
- The properly experimentally verified numerical model allows for many subsequent numerical analyses to be conducted, without generating further research costs.
- The research presented in this paper confirms the effectiveness of strengthening structures under load. Of course, this requires a number of technological conditions for the safe conduct of the process. However, it allows for much faster and cheaper performance of the strengthening of an existing object, without the need to remove all the equipment located on the modernised floor.
- When a structure is strengthened under load, it is extremely important to correctly estimate welding deformations. This issue requires extended analysis in future studies.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reh [MPa] | Rel [MPa] | Rm [MPa] | E [GPa] | A [%] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
web | 368 | 343 | 482 | 205 | 26 | |
s | 7.58 | 7.5 | 4.84 | 2.31 | 2.03 | |
flange | 328 | 307 | 460 | 204 | 31 | |
s | 9.02 | 7.65 | 5.07 | 2.29 | 0.71 | |
plate | 271 | 264 | 383 | 204 | 36 | |
s | 11.26 | 10.84 | 5.78 | 1.12 | 1.94 |
Parameter | Average Strength f [MPa] | Standard Deviation s [MPa] | Minimum Strength fmin [MPa] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
compression test | cubes | 52.79 | 2.60 | 50.18 |
cylinders | 36.52 | 1.62 | 34.80 | |
tensile test | cubes | 3.41 | 0.22 | 3.14 |
beams | 6.43 | 0.43 | 5.99 |
Load [kN] | Concrete | Steel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
[MPa] | [MPa] | |||
33 (2 × 10 + DL) | 4.06 | 0.24 | 73.02 | 0.31 |
113 (2 × 50 + DL) | 13.90 | 0.84 | 250.02 | 1.06 |
Measuring Point | Type | Location |
---|---|---|
P | Force transducer, HBM C6A 500 kN | α-α |
f1, f2 | LVDT transducer, HBM WA/200 mm | α-α |
f3, f4 | LVDT transducer, HBM WA/50 mm | Concentrated force (between α-α and β-β) |
f5, f6 | LVDT transducer, HBM WA/50 mm | Concentrated force (between α-α and γ-γ) |
f7, f8 | LVDT transducer, HBM WA/20 mm | Left and right ends of the beam |
B1, B2 | Half-bridge strain gauge measuring point | α-α |
S1, S2 | ||
B3, B4 | Half-bridge strain gauge measuring point | β-β |
S3, S4 | ||
B5, B6 | Half-bridge strain gauge measuring point | γ-γ |
S5, S6 | ||
P1 | Half-bridge strain gauge measuring point | α-α |
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Szewczyk, P. Experimental and Numerical Study of Steel–Concrete Composite Beams Strengthened under Load. Materials 2024, 17, 4510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184510
Szewczyk P. Experimental and Numerical Study of Steel–Concrete Composite Beams Strengthened under Load. Materials. 2024; 17(18):4510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184510
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzewczyk, Piotr. 2024. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Steel–Concrete Composite Beams Strengthened under Load" Materials 17, no. 18: 4510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184510