Calibration Method of Measuring Heads for Testing Residual Stresses in Sheet Metal Using the Barkhausen Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Type I stresses (σ′—macro stresses), occurring throughout the continuum of the test object. They are caused by the macro-influence of a number of external factors, such as the variation in the internal structure caused by the machining and uneven cooling at different depths. These stresses mainly cause changes in workpiece dimensions and fractures.
- Type II stresses (σ″—micro stresses), occurring in the area of several adjacent grains and their boundaries, are caused by changes in the orientation of the grains with respect to each other and by the difference in specific volume between them.
- Type III stresses (σ‴—sub-micro stresses), affecting the region of several atomic distances and caused by numerous defects in the structure of the crystalline lattice after processing (vacancies, interstitial atoms, dislocations, lattice cracks, and delaminations).
2. Research Methods
2.1. Computer Simulations
2.2. Experimental Testing Methodology
3. Results of the Conducted Tests
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | V | Nb | Ti | Al | Cu | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PN-EN S355J2 | 0.20 | 1.60 | 0.55 | Max 0.025 | Max 0.025 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Max 0.55 |
Tested S355J2 | 1.185 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.005 | 0.005 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.003 | 0.1 |
Steel Grade | Yield Strength YS [MPa] | Strength Limit UTS [MPa] | Young’s Modulus E [GPa] | Max. Absolute Error Δ [MPa] | Max. Relative Error δ [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S355J2 | 410 | 468 | 181 | ±4.28 | 0.91 |
Steel | Measured Parameter | Roller Displacement Value [mm] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||
S355J2 | Effective stress σ [MPa] | 21.2 | 46.5 | 72.4 | 98.9 | 125.4 | 152.1 | 178.8 |
Effective strain ε [ - ] | 0.000104 | 0.000245 | 0.000389 | 0.000536 | 0.000683 | 0.000830 | 0.000979 |
Sample Deflection, [mm] | S355J2 in the As-Delivered Condition | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edge of Sheet 1 | Center of Sheet 2 | |||||||
Transverse A | Longitudinal B | Transverse A | Longitudinal B | |||||
Top | Bottom | Top | Bottom | Top | Bottom | Top | Bottom | |
−7 | 178 | 140 | 208 | 146 | 165 | 155 | 179 | 164 |
−6 | 179 | 142 | 233 | 148 | 167 | 157 | 185 | 166 |
−5 | 181 | 144 | 266 | 150 | 173 | 163 | 197 | 167 |
−4 | 185 | 149 | 317 | 155 | 183 | 173 | 219 | 169 |
−3 | 193 | 167 | 373 | 161 | 199 | 189 | 259 | 177 |
−2 | 203 | 195 | 430 | 169 | 231 | 216 | 329 | 197 |
−1 | 220 | 226 | 476 | 181 | 275 | 260 | 413 | 225 |
0 | 251 | 272 | 503 | 209 | 368 | 333 | 483 | 283 |
1 | 300 | 313 | 518 | 243 | 450 | 404 | 533 | 345 |
2 | 360 | 365 | 525 | 299 | 497 | 456 | 553 | 413 |
3 | 412 | 408 | 524 | 363 | 518 | 481 | 566 | 466 |
4 | 450 | 441 | 529 | 415 | 526 | 501 | 567 | 488 |
5 | 471 | 466 | 526 | 462 | 526 | 509 | 568 | 502 |
6 | 476 | 471 | 528 | 469 | 526 | 512 | 569 | 506 |
7 | 478 | 473 | 529 | 471 | 526 | 514 | 570 | 508 |
Sample Deflection, [mm] | S355J2 in Annealed Condition | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edge of Sheet 1 | Center of Sheet 2 | |||||||
Transverse A | Longitudinal B | Transverse A | Longitudinal B | |||||
Top | Bottom | Top | Bottom | Top | Bottom | Top | Bottom | |
−7 | 173 | 160 | 201 | 148 | 153 | 162 | 189 | 172 |
−6 | 173 | 163 | 224 | 149 | 155 | 165 | 192 | 175 |
−5 | 179 | 175 | 260 | 151 | 161 | 175 | 203 | 183 |
−4 | 183 | 191 | 315 | 160 | 173 | 185 | 239 | 197 |
−3 | 192 | 205 | 325 | 165 | 193 | 205 | 281 | 215 |
−2 | 207 | 237 | 381 | 180 | 225 | 235 | 327 | 243 |
−1 | 227 | 275 | 437 | 201 | 281 | 293 | 438 | 287 |
0 | 266 | 322 | 500 | 234 | 377 | 363 | 491 | 341 |
1 | 333 | 369 | 532 | 291 | 479 | 433 | 542 | 404 |
2 | 396 | 417 | 537 | 369 | 528 | 490 | 557 | 462 |
3 | 452 | 460 | 538 | 437 | 555 | 514 | 570 | 501 |
4 | 489 | 482 | 536 | 480 | 561 | 530 | 575 | 516 |
5 | 508 | 507 | 543 | 500 | 563 | 532 | 578 | 532 |
6 | 512 | 512 | 546 | 504 | 565 | 533 | 580 | 536 |
7 | 514 | 514 | 547 | 507 | 566 | 535 | 581 | 538 |
Steel Grade | a0 | a1 | a2 | a3 | R2 | δ% δ%YE [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S355J2 | −2.88626 | −347.141 | 0.0163897 | 15.4037 | 0.9966 | 9.7 1.5 |
No. | Sample * | a0 | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | R2 | δ% [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1BT | 148.733 | 0.442600 | 0.00529000 | −350.60 | −8.4100 | 0.9964 | 10.1 |
2 | 1BB | 78.716 | 0.828892 | 0.00504245 | −337.17 | −9.88456 | 0.9991 | 4.2 |
3 | 2BT | 25.312 | 1.652280 | 0.00461565 | −378.52 | 0.1846 | 0.9959 | 10.6 |
4 | 2BB | 55.340 | 1.014560 | 0.00524665 | −345.48 | −3.4401 | 0.9986 | 5.0 |
5 | 1AT | 109.001 | 0.589351 | 0.00566458 | −347.285 | 0.38637 | 0,9977 | 4,9 |
6 | 1AB | 339.924 | 0.240834 | 0.00544643 | −318.057 | −16.8533 | 0.9986 | 7.3 |
7 | 2AT | 26.870 | 1.410490 | 0.00480442 | −354.319 | −6.11260 | 0.9910 | 11.0 |
8 | 2AB | 43.287 | 1.160367 | 0.00508767 | −341.671 | −5.80557 | 0.9980 | 6.7 |
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Garstka, T.; Szota, P.; Mróz, S.; Stradomski, G.; Gróbarczyk, J.; Gryczkowski, R. Calibration Method of Measuring Heads for Testing Residual Stresses in Sheet Metal Using the Barkhausen Method. Materials 2024, 17, 4584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184584
Garstka T, Szota P, Mróz S, Stradomski G, Gróbarczyk J, Gryczkowski R. Calibration Method of Measuring Heads for Testing Residual Stresses in Sheet Metal Using the Barkhausen Method. Materials. 2024; 17(18):4584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184584
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarstka, Tomasz, Piotr Szota, Sebastian Mróz, Grzegorz Stradomski, Jakub Gróbarczyk, and Radosław Gryczkowski. 2024. "Calibration Method of Measuring Heads for Testing Residual Stresses in Sheet Metal Using the Barkhausen Method" Materials 17, no. 18: 4584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184584