Investigation of Precipitation Behavior of a Novel Ni-Fe-Based Superalloy during High-Temperature Aging Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Initial Microstructure
3.2. Precipitation Behavior during Short-Term Aging Treatment
3.2.1. Precipitation Behavior at Grain Boundaries
3.2.2. Precipitation Behavior in Grain Interiors
3.3. Precipitation Behavior during Long-Term Aging Treatment
3.3.1. Precipitation Behavior at Grain Boundaries
3.3.2. Precipitation Behavior in Grain Interiors
3.4. Abnormal Coarsening Behavior at Grain Boundaries
3.4.1. Characterization of PFZs
3.4.2. Formation of PFZs
3.4.3. Influence of PFZs
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the novel alloy was in the ST state, the grain size was at ASTM grade 3, and blocky MC carbides rich in Ti were randomly distributed in grain interiors and at grain boundaries. When the novel alloy was in the SHT state, the grain size remained almost unchanged, and MC was also stable. Discrete M23C6 carbides rich in Cr precipitated at grain boundaries, and numerous uniformly distributed fine spherical γ′ particles precipitated in grain interiors, which directly led to a significant increase in hardness.
- (2)
- After short-term aging of the novel alloy in the ST state, there was no obvious change in the grain size and MC. At 650 °C, almost no precipitates were observed at grain boundaries, and the γ′ phase precipitated slowly, resulting in a small quantity and size. At 750 °C, 800 °C, and 800 °C, discrete M23C6 and the fine γ′ phase rapidly precipitated and gradually grew. After the complete precipitation of the γ′ phase, the hardness reached the peak hardness when the average radius of the γ′ phase increased to the critical size, and then gradually decreased with the increase in the size of the γ′ phase.
- (3)
- After long-term aging of the novel alloy in the SHT state, the grain size and MC remained almost unchanged. Discrete M23C6 at grain boundaries underwent a transition to continuous films. The size of the γ′ phase in grain interiors significantly increased, and the coarsening behavior followed the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) model with a coarsening activation energy of 250.3 kJ/mol. The hardness increased at 650 °C and 675 °C and slightly decreased at 700 °C, while all were below the peak value, which was related to the fact that the average radii of γ′ exceeded the critical size (12–16 nm).
- (4)
- The novel alloy exhibited abnormal coarsening behavior at grain boundaries during both short-term and long-term aging. Partial grain boundaries migrated, and precipitate-free zones (PFZs) were formed. It was confirmed that the grain boundary migrated from the grain with a lower KAM to the grain with a higher KAM, forming abnormally coarsened and elongated rod-like γ′ particles along the migration direction. It is proposed that the formation mechanism of PFZs is strain-induced grain boundary migration and a discontinuous coarsening reaction.
- (5)
- PFZs had weaker mechanical properties compared to nearby grains and were considered to be potential crack sources during the creep rupture test, leading to an earlier failure of the novel alloy. To ensure the service performance of the novel alloy, it is necessary to inhibit the abnormal coarsening behavior at grain boundaries. Based on the study results of the formation mechanism of PFZs, relevant measures should consider optimizing grain boundary character distribution (GBCD), improving composition segregation, and reducing residual stress through appropriate heat treatment. Once the abnormal coarsening behavior is controlled, the performance will be greatly improved, and it is predicted that the much cheaper novel alloy may be able to match the durability of Ni-based superalloys, such as 617B and 740H, and further promote the development of practical applications for thermal power units above 650 °C.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elements | Fe | Ni | Cr | Al + Ti | Mo | C + W + Co + B + Nb + Zr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 42.0 | Bal. | 16.0 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
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Cheng, J.; Li, K.; Yang, Z.; Huo, X.; Fan, M.; Li, S.; Li, S.; Liu, Q.; Ma, Q.; Cai, Z. Investigation of Precipitation Behavior of a Novel Ni-Fe-Based Superalloy during High-Temperature Aging Treatment. Materials 2024, 17, 4875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194875
Cheng J, Li K, Yang Z, Huo X, Fan M, Li S, Li S, Liu Q, Ma Q, Cai Z. Investigation of Precipitation Behavior of a Novel Ni-Fe-Based Superalloy during High-Temperature Aging Treatment. Materials. 2024; 17(19):4875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194875
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Jun, Kejian Li, Zhengang Yang, Xin Huo, Manjie Fan, Songlin Li, Shengzhi Li, Qu Liu, Qingxian Ma, and Zhipeng Cai. 2024. "Investigation of Precipitation Behavior of a Novel Ni-Fe-Based Superalloy during High-Temperature Aging Treatment" Materials 17, no. 19: 4875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194875