Preparation and Mechanism Analysis of Stainless Steel AOD Slag Mixture Base Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Main Raw Materials Used in the Experiment
2.1. Cement
2.2. Fly Ash
2.3. The Stainless Steel AOD Slag
2.4. The Recycled Aggregate
3. Mixture Design and Test Method
3.1. Gradation Design
3.2. Proportioning Mix Design
3.3. Experimental Methods
4. Test Results and Analysis
4.1. Compaction Test
4.2. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
- At different cement dosages, the distribution characteristics of the 7d UCS change curve of the mixture specimen are similar; the UCS value increases with the increase in cement content. The minimum 7d UCS values of the four cement dosage mixture specimens are all greater than 3 MPa, which meets the requirements for standard JTG/T F20-2015 [36] specifying that the cement–FA-stabilized base material not be less than 2.5 MPa. When R = 3%, R = 4%, R = 5%, and R = 6%, the UCS values of the four groups of cement dosage specimens reached their peak. Therefore, A-31, B-31, C-31, and D-31 were identified as the optimal ratios.
- At 3% cement dosage, the distribution characteristics of the UCS curves of specimens at different ages are similar. The UCS value under the same replacement rate R increases with age, but the growth amplitude gradually decreases, indicating that the chemical reaction of gelatinous material gradually weakens, and the strength begins to stabilize. When R = 3%, the UCS values of the specimens at different ages reach their peak, and A-31 was determined to be the optimal ratio.
- At the same cement dosage, the UCS of the specimen increases first and then decreases with the AOD slag replacement rate R. When R = 3%, the UCS of the specimen reaches its maximum of 4.4 MPa at 7 days, 9.3 MPa at 28 days, and 12.8 MPa at 60 days, indicating that the incorporation of AOD slag promotes the chemical reaction between cement and FA, forming a better skeleton structure, which plays a key role in improving the strength of the mixture. When R = 6% and R = 9%, the UCS of the specimen shows a downward trend, indicating that too much AOD slag is not conducive to the chemical reaction between cement and FA, and the strength decreases. When R = 12%, the AOD slag completely replaces the FA, and the UCS of the specimen reaches a minimum, indicating that the excitation effect of AOD slag is reduced.
4.3. Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS)
4.4. Compressive Resilience Modulus (CRM)
4.5. Expansion Rate (ER)
4.6. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Phase Analysis
4.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Morphology Analysis
5. Conclusions
- The compaction tests found that the OWC of the 20 sets of stainless steel AOD slag mixture ratios remained between 7% and 12%, while the MDD ranged from 1.96 to 2.09. The OWC increased with increasing R, while the MDD decreased with increasing R.
- Based on the 7d UCS, a cement dosage of 3% was determined to meet the practical engineering requirements. The strength and modulus of the AOD slag mixture initially increased and then stabilized with age. The strength and modulus initially increased and then decreased with increasing R. According to the experimental results, it was determined that A-31 (R = 3%) was the optimal ratio. By establishing the regression relationship between the UCS, ITS, and CRM, it was found to be highly reliable, and it can be used to predict the strength and modulus of the road base.
- The incorporation of AOD slag increases the expansion rate of the mixture. The 10d constant temperature water bath heating expansion rate of the mixture specimens under different R meets the GB/T 25824–2010 standard [44]. The expansion rate of steel slag for road base is less than 2.0%, its minimum value is 0.013%, its maximum value is only 0.073%, and after eight days, it tends to level off. Under the excitation of a high-temperature water bath for 90 days, the expansion rate of the optimal ratio A-31 sample is only 0.018%, and under later observation, it tends to stabilize.
- According to microstructural analysis, after the mixture is statically pressure molded, RA becomes embedded with itself to form the basic skeleton of the material. The incorporation of AOD slag greatly promotes the hydration reaction and pozzolanic reaction. A large amount of C-S-H filled and cemented the interfacial transition zone between the RA, making the mixture structure denser, and increasing the interlocking friction and sliding friction in the RA. The ultimate strength of the mixture is enhanced, and the macroscopic laws of strength, modulus, and expansion rate are verified.
- Through the above four conclusions, it can be concluded that the road performance of an AOD slag and recycled aggregate mixture is good, and this study provides new ideas and methods for its application in a road base. Currently, due to transportation costs, the road test section has not been completed. Next, numerical simulation methods will be further combined with road test section experiments for comparative analysis.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SiO3/% | MgO/% | Loss/% | Initial Setting Time/min | Final Setting Time/min | Stability | 3d Flexural Strength/MPa | 28d Flexural Strength /MPa | 3d Compressive Strength /MPa | 28d Compressive Strength /MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.3 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 188 | 235 | Qualified | 5.8 | 8.4 | 24.5 | 49 |
SiO2/% | Al2O3/% | Fe2O3/% | Loss/% | 0.3 mm Sieve Passing/% | 0.075 mm Sieve Passing/% | Water Content/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
45.1 | 24.2 | 0.85 | 2.8 | 100 | 89.6 | 0.85 |
CaO /% | SiO2 /% | Fe2O3 /% | MgO /% | TiO2 /% | Cr2O3 /% | MnO /% | K2O /% | SO3 /% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
47.38 | 26.20 | 13.80 | 5.29 | 3.39 | 2.31 | 1.22 | 0.18 | 0.11 |
Apparent Density/(g/cm3) | Crushing 1/% | Los Angeles Abrasion/% | Needle Flake Content 2/% | Water Content/% | Water Absorption/% | Impurity Content 3/% | Clay Content/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.685 | 23.3 | 26.1 | 16 | 1.15 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
Fineness Modulus | Crushing/% | Water Absorption/% | Water Content/% | Clay Content/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
2.4 | 25.7 | 2.9 | 1.85 | 1.7 |
Sieve Aperture Size/(mm) | Mass Percentage Passing through Different Sieve Apertures | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
31.5 | 19 | 9.5 | 4.75 | 2.36 | 1.18 | 0.6 | 0.075 | |
gradation upper limit | 100 | 98 | 70 | 50 | 38 | 27 | 20 | 7 |
gradation lower limit | 100 | 81 | 52 | 30 | 18 | 10 | 8 | 0 |
gradation median | 100 | 89.5 | 61 | 40 | 28 | 18.5 | 14 | 3.5 |
Specimen Number | Composition Ratio of the Mixture | Specimen Number | Composition Ratio of the Mixture | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A-40, R = 0% | 3% Cement | 12% FA + 85% RA | 85% RA | C-40, R = 0% | 5% Cement | 20% FA + 75% RA | 75% RA |
A-31, R = 3% | 9% FA + 3% AOD | C-31, R = 5% | 15% FA + 5% AOD | ||||
A-22, R = 6% | 6% FA + 6% AOD | C-22, R = 10% | 10% FA + 10% AOD | ||||
A-13, R = 9% | 3% FA + 9% AOD | C-13, R = 15% | 5% FA + 15% AOD | ||||
A-04, R = 12% | 12% AOD | C-04, R = 20% | 20% AOD | ||||
B-40, R = 0% | 4% Cement | 16% FA | 80% RA | D-40, R = 0% | 6% Cement | 24% FA | 70% RA |
B-31, R = 4% | 12% FA + 4% AOD | D-31, R = 6% | 18% FA + 6% AOD | ||||
B-22, R = 8% | 8% FA + 8% AOD | D-22, R = 14% | 10% FA + 14% AOD | ||||
B-13, R = 12% | 4% FA + 12% AOD | D-13, R = 18% | 6% FA + 18% AOD | ||||
B-04, R = 16% | 16% AOD + 80% RA | D-04, R = 24% | 24% AOD |
Specimen Number | OWC 1/% | MDD 2/(g/cm3) | Specimen Number | OWC/% | MDD/(g/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A-40, R = 0% | 7.7 | 2.082 | C-40, R = 0% | 8.4 | 2.059 |
A-31, R = 3% | 8.7 | 2.066 | C-31, R = 5% | 9.3 | 2.046 |
A-22, R = 6% | 9.6 | 2.053 | C-22, R = 10% | 10.3 | 2.031 |
A-13, R = 9% | 10.2 | 2.041 | C-13, R = 15% | 10.8 | 2.017 |
A-04, R = 12% | 10.9 | 2.030 | C-04, R = 20% | 11.3 | 1.999 |
B-40, R = 0% | 8.1 | 2.069 | D-40, R = 0% | 8.7 | 2.041 |
B-31, R = 4% | 9.0 | 2.058 | D-31, R = 6% | 9.6 | 2.021 |
B-22, R = 8% | 10.0 | 2.043 | D-22, R = 14% | 10.5 | 1.998 |
B-13, R = 12% | 10.5 | 2.030 | D-13, R = 18% | 10.9 | 1.976 |
B-04, R = 16% | 11.1 | 2.016 | D-04, R = 24% | 11.5 | 1.960 |
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Huang, L.; Wei, G.; Lan, Z.; Chen, Y.; Li, T. Preparation and Mechanism Analysis of Stainless Steel AOD Slag Mixture Base Materials. Materials 2024, 17, 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17050970
Huang L, Wei G, Lan Z, Chen Y, Li T. Preparation and Mechanism Analysis of Stainless Steel AOD Slag Mixture Base Materials. Materials. 2024; 17(5):970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17050970
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Liuyun, Guogao Wei, Zhuxin Lan, Yuliang Chen, and Tun Li. 2024. "Preparation and Mechanism Analysis of Stainless Steel AOD Slag Mixture Base Materials" Materials 17, no. 5: 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17050970